Motivation Flashcards
What two concepts do the behaviourist claim?
Rewards & reinforcement and determining the value of incentive
What are the 8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
- Physiological
- Safety
- Belonging and Love
- Esteem
- Cognitive
- Aesthetic
- Self Actualization
- Transcendence
What are the two basic level of the Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological and safety
What are the two psychological levels of the Hierarchy of Needs?
Belonging & Love and Esteem
What are the four self-fulfillment levels of the Hierarchy of Needs?
Cognitive, Aesthetic, Self-Actualization & Transcendence
What are four levels of deficiency needs on the Hierarchy of Needs?
Esteem, Belonging & Love, Safety and Physiological
What are the two types of needs on Maslow’s pyramid?
Deficiency needs and growth needs
What are deficiency needs?
- Needs that you need to develop due to deprivation
- Have to meet these needs to avoid unpleasant results
What are growth needs?
Highest level of Maslow’s pyramid –> motivated by the desire to grow as a person and reach full potential (self-actualization)
What are the two parts of the locus of control?
Internal locus- believe that success or failure is due to their own efforts or abilities
External locus- believe that other factors (luck, task difficulty, other peoples actions) cause success or behaviour
What is the attribution theory?
A theory of motivation which focuses people explain the causes of their own successes and failures
What the three characteristics of the attribution theory?
Internal/external, stable/unstable, controllable/uncontrollable
What is central assumption?
People will attempt to maintain a positive self-image
What is self-efficacy?
One’s belief that a task or behaviour can be successfully performed
How would Bandura describe self efficacy?
The foundation of human motivation, well being and accomplishments
What would people with low self efficacy do when given a difficult task?
Give up trying
What would people with high self efficacy do when given a difficult task?
They would be resilient and try to solve the problem
What are the three dimensions that affect self efficacy?
- Level (how difficult a task is)
- Strength (the confidence a person has in their estimates)
- Generality (the range of situations where the person feels successful)
How can we increase students self efficacy?
People need to find the deficits in the information needed to develop strong expectations of personal efficacy
What are the 4 information sources used by individuals in forming and modifying their self efficacy?
- Performance experiences (inactive mastery experiences and skills mastery)
- Vicarious experiences (modelling)
- Verbal persuasion
- Physical and emotional reactions
What are mastery experiences?
when students do tasks that they are going to succeed at as they have a plan of action and proximal goals
What is vicarious learning?
Learning where the person teaching the students are similar to them which then makes the students think they can do it too
What is verbal persuasion?
Specific, focused on effort and attributional feedback
How can physical or emotional reactions effect self efficacy?
People may be anxious or depressed about their performance so it is important to ask them about it
What is self-regulated learning?
Learning where students take independent responsibility for their learning
What is the expectancy theory?
A persons motivation increases as task difficulty increases up to a point where the person decides that success is unlikely or the goal is not important
What level of tasks are best for learning?
Moderate to difficult (but not impossible)
What kind of partner would an affiliation motivated student choose?
A friend
What kind of partner would a high achievement motivation student choose?
Partners who are good at the task
What are some attributes of achievement motivation children?
- persist longer at tasks
- attribute failure to lack of effort
- expect to succeed and double efforts when they don’t
What are learning goals (task or mastery goals)?
goals of students motivated primarily by desire for knowledge acquisition and self improvement
- keep trying in the face of obstacles
What are performance goals?
Goals of students who are motivated primarily by a desire to gain recognition from others and to earn good grades
- discouraged by obstacles
What is learned helplessness?
students believe that nothing they do matters and they do not even attempt tasks
How can you help students overcome learned helplessness?
- success in small steps
- immediate feedback
- consistent expectations and follow through
- eliminate the negative and accentuate the positive
What is the Pygmalion Effect/Rosenthal Effect?
If teachers were led to expect enhanced performance from some children then the children did indeed show marked improvements by the end of the year
How to help students with anxiety at school?
- provide opportunity to correct errors and edit
- provide clear instructions
- avoid time pressures
- order test Q from easiest to more difficult
- provide support (eg. school counsellor) to help students develop strategies to reduce anxiety
How can you enhance intrinsic motivation?
- arouse interest
- maintain curiosity
- use a variety of interesting presentation modes
- help students make choices and set goals
What are the principles for providing extrinsic incentives?
- clear expectations
- clear, specific feedback
- immediate feedback
- frequent feedback
- increase the value and availability of extrinsic motivators
How can praise be effective?
- contigent on students performance of well defined behaviours
- specific rather than general
- creditable
- spontaneous
- sincere
- provided for effort and success
- given because students deserve it
- personal (congruent non-verbal action)
What is the difference in praise between different developmental levels: primary, upper elementary, secondary?
Primary- Evaluative (“that’s a wonderful drawing)
Upper Elementary- Personal satisfaction (“I bet you are proud of your drawing”)
Secondary- Self-reflection- promotes intrinsic motivation (“Your drawing has a unique perspective”)
