Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Effective motivation creates the desire and energy to complete tasks involved in a job to the highest possible standard. Motivation creates commitment to the job and the employer.
Motivation Theories
FW Taylor - Scientific Management
Elton Mayo - Hawthorne Studies
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Vroom’s Expectancy Model
Porter & Lawler Expectancy theory
FW Taylor - Scientific Management
Taylor was not interested in motivational theory, only in in the improvement of efficiency.
Taylor believed that the only motivating factor was that of money for employees.
Taylor saw no point in consultation between manager and worker as the worker was not interested. In Taylor’s view, workers can produce more output if responsibility for decision-making and planning are removed. Workers should not have to think, they should just do.
He argued the methods used by the most efficient workers should be utilised by all workers. They are paid for levels of output produced - this involved the introduction of piece rates payments.
Close supervision of workers and monitoring of performance exits. Taylor’s ideas demotivated workers as they undertook repetitive tasks. Led to the rise of Trade Union.
Elton Mayo - Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo undertook a series of behavioural experiments with employees. A group of 6 women was the focus of one test. Their lighting, humidity and other conditions were changed.
His main conclusion was that of the idea of people went to work purely for money, was flawed. The results baffled the researchers but they eventually realised that productivity was rising because of increased management recognition and group activity.
This identified the importance of social interaction and group work as means of motivation
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Self
Actualization - Self Actualisation needs provide challenging new tasks and roles via
promotions, empowerment, extra responsibility
Self - Esteem - Businesses should provide appraisals, job enrichment, bonuses and
recognition
Love - Provide teamwork, social events, holidays, leisure facilities and good
communication
Safety - Provide pension plans, employment contracts and a safe working
environment
Basic - Provide canteen facilities, drinking water, clean toilets, heating and a
living wage.
Maslow believed that you could not meet the higher order needs until all of the lower needs had been met in sequence. However, the theory ignores the idea of individuality and assumes all employees to have the same needs and priorities.
Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory
Hygiene Factors Motivator Factors
- Working conditions - Job Enrichment
- Wage/Salaries - Empowerment
- Job security - Recognition
- Workplace relationships - Meaningful Work
- Work/Life Balance - Growth / Advancement
- Responsibility
When in place the motivators create job satisfaction.
Hygiene factors don’t motivate but they do cause job dissatisfaction if not met.
Vroom’s Expectancy Model
Motivation
=
Effort + Performance + Rewards
(Instrumentality) (Expectancy) (Valance)
A measure of the extent A measure of a person’s A measure of a person’s
to which an individual believes self-confidence to achieve belief that they will
the effort will generate reward the desired reward receive a worthwhile
reward.
Porter and Lawler Expectancy Theory
They proposed that an individual’s motivation is affected by the reward they expect to receive for completing the task. The individual’s view of the attractiveness of the possible reward will determine their level of motivation. They categorise the reward as intrinsic and extrinsic.
