Motivation Flashcards
Define Motivation
force that initiates, directs, and helps people persist in a course of action or reach a goal
a resource allocation process by which people spend their time and energy on sets of behaviors
Performance =
Effort x Ability / Situational Constraints
Does motivation deal with performance, ability, effort, or constraints?
Effort - will more time, energy, intensity, etc.
Motivation increases effort, but performance still requires ability & lack of constriants
Name a UNIVERSAL law of motivation
Reinforcement principle (operant conditioning principle)
What is the Reinforcement Principle?
the universal law that behavior is a function of its consequences
What are the 4 types of reinforcement?
Positive:
additive - adding something good
subtractive - taking away something bad
Negative:
punishment - adding something bad
extinction - taking away something good
Why is reinforcement better for manufacturing than service settings?
desired output must be directly measurable
What conditions support effective punishment?
immediate, consistent, right sized, closely monitored, accompanied by alternative behavior
What is the most common mistake in applying reinforcement principle?
reinforcing the wrong behavior based on what is measurable over what is desired
Should reinforcement schedules be detailed or simple?
As simple as possible, balance effectiveness with simplicity. Understanding is key.
What are some difficulties associated with compensation based reinforcement?
creates inequity perceptions, directly defining & measuring performance, individuals’ value of money, effect on culture, competes with intrinsic motivation, scaling reward to effort
What are the main factors of intrinsic motivation?
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
Define Goal
target state of the world not yet attained
How do goals direct effort
by creating tension between the current and desired states
What is the makeup of an effective goal?
SMART - specific, measurable, attainable, rigorous (difficult), time-bound
Define Distributive Justice
sense of fair allocation of outcomes
Define Procedural Justice
sense of fair process for allocating outcomes or making decisions that affect others
How does justice affect effort?
Justice is expected. It does not positively motivate effort; lack of justice de-motivates and reduces effort.
What is Equity Theory?
the idea that people will be motivated by their perception of equity of their own ratio of outcomes/inputs to that of others
How do people react to perceived equity?
They don’t, equity is expected. People only react to perceived inequity, which is de-motivating.
How do people react to perceived positive inequity (i.e. they are receiving better outcome/input?)
guilt (very temporary) –> increased input (also temporary) –> rationalization (entitlement)
How do people react to perceived negative inequity (i.e. they are receiving worse outcome/input?)
anger & dissatisfaction –> attempts to normalize/achieve equity (reduced inputs, seeking increased outcomes, affecting others inputs or outcomes)
What are 5 principles of procedural justice?
accurate & testable information, consistency across persons & time, built-in bias reduction mechanisms possibility for appeal "voice"
Define Interactional Justice
quality of interpersonal treatment received from person allocating outcomes or making decisions; consistency of respect and dignity conveyed in interactions
