Motivation

Question 1

Define Motivation

Answer 1

Explains why people act and behave as they do - Clanton-Harpine (2015), affects what people learn, individualistic POV

Question 2

Define Direction of Behaviour

Answer 2

The goals being pursued

Question 3

Define Intensity of Behaviour

Answer 3

The amount of effort/ concentration etc. invested in behaviour

Question 4

Define Persistence of Behaviour

Answer 4

The extent to which a goal is pursued until it is reached

Question 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 5

Needs lower down the hierarchy have to be fulfilled before the ones further up can be met
1. Self-actualisation
2. Esteem (self-confidence, respect from others)
3. Love and belonging
4. Safety (economical, physical, environmental)
5. Survival (food, sleep)

Question 6

Within love and belonging is affection and intimacy. Name the 2 types of love - Maslow

Answer 6

1. D-love is based on deficiency, it is selfish and involves taking rather than giving, you need to experience it before experiencing B-love
   2, B-love is unselfish, based on a growth need

Question 7

Reiss and Havercamp (2005)

Answer 7

Lower motives (eating, exercise) were stronger in younger adults than older ones whereas the higher motives (honour, idealism) were stronger in older adults

Question 8

Evaluation of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

+ Maslow emphasized the more positive aspects of human motivation, previous theorists e.g. Freud had devoted attention to the negative side of human nature

• Too optimistic in his assumption that everyone has the potential to become self-actualized e.g. average British person spends 2.5 hours in front of a TV suggests not enormous motivation for personal growth
• Environmental factors e.g. schooling, supportive parents and interesting opportunities

Question 9

Define Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 9

Doing something “for the love of it”, mastery orientation is a focus on improving knowledge competence and skills

Question 10

Define Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 10

Doing something for incentives or rewards, rewards can be positive e.g. money… or negative e.g. avoiding prison

Question 11

Is Intrinsic or Extrinsic better?

Answer 11

Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford (2014) meta-analysis concluded that it depends on what the goal is, intrinsic predicts quality of work, extrinsic predicts quantity of work.

Learning is MORE effective WITHOUT extrinsic reward than with it e.g. Kuhnbander et al. (2016) where students were worse at learning words when rewarded with money than when not rewarded with money.

If an individual feels that they have autonomy over their situation, then they will feel more intrinsically motivated than if they feel they are being controlled – Deci and Ryan (1987).

Question 12

Self-determination Theory (1985)

Answer 12

Deci and Ryan. Still being refined today. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Humans have 3 core needs…
1. Competence
2. Autonomy
3. Relatedness