Motivation

Question 1

Instincts

Answer 1

Innate, unlearned complex behavior

Question 2

Incentives

Answer 2

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

• People are pulled towards behaviors that offer positive incentives
• People are pushed away from behaviors associated with negative incentives

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

Motivated by the interest and enjoyment in the task iteself

• purpose
• growth
• passion
• curiosity

Question 4

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

Motivated by the outcome that will result by doing the task

• promotions
• pay raise
• perks
• benefits

Question 5

Overjustification Effect

Answer 5

Occurs when an expected incentive decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perfomr a task

Question 6

Self-Efficacy

Answer 6

High self-efficacy = you will believe you are capable of achieving a task or goal

Low self-efficacy = less you will believe you are capable of achieving a task or goal

Question 7

Achievement motivation

Answer 7

A desire for significant accomplisment. Once you achieve a goal, you want to complete another.

Question 8

Drive Reduction Theory - Clark Hull

Answer 8

Need—>Drive—>Drive-reducing behaviors

A phsiological need that creates an aroused state. The aroused state motivates you to reduce the tension or satisfy the need

EX of drive reducion: homeostasis, equilibrium, internal stablity (eating, drinking)

Question 9

Arousal Theory (Yerks-Dodson)

Answer 9

—Aim of motivation is to maintain an optimal level of arousal
—Need for arousal/excitment is unique for everyone

If the arousal is less than the optimal level, we do something to stimulate it

If the arousal is more than the optimal level, we reduce the stimuli

We perform best at the optimal level

Question 10

Evolutionary Theory (Instinct Theory)

Answer 10

Our motives are there to help us survive

—instincts are the prime movers of all human activity
—all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive

No scientific way to prove existence of instincts in humans

Question 11

Maslow’s Theory — Hierarchy of Human Needs

Answer 11

Physiological - food, water, breathing, homeostasis
Safety - security of body, employment, resources, property
Love/belonging - friendship, family, sex
Esteem - self-esteem, confidence, respect from others
Self-actualization - morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance of facts

Question 12

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 12

When your behavior doesn’t match your thinking (smoke even though you know it’s bad for you)

Question 13

Glucose

Answer 13

— Sugar that circulates in the blood
— major source of energy
— Low levels = hunger
— high levels = full

Question 14

Insulin

Answer 14

— Converts blood glucose into stored fat

— elevated insulin levels can trigger hunger by decreasing glucose levels

Question 15

Set Point

Answer 15

Hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum target body weight

Question 16

Metabolic rate

Answer 16

Body’s base or resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 17

Hypothalmus

Answer 17

Linked with emotion and controls body maintenance functions (i.e eating, drinking, body temperature)

Question 18

Psychological factors of hunger: External

Answer 18

Motivated to eat by food cues like attractiveness, availability, smell or time of day

Question 19

Psychological factors of hunger: Internals

Answer 19

Less affected by presentation and presence of food and more in tuned to body’s hunger cues

Question 20

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 20

Normal weight person that becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat and continues to not eat
- concerned with body image and gaining weight

Question 21

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 21

Disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually in secret. Followed by a form of purging: vomiting, laxative use, fasting.
- most bulimics maintian a normal weight

Question 22

Obesity

Answer 22

Conditon of having excessive fat

Question 23

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 23

Normal weight: 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight: 25 - 29.9
Obese: 30 - 39.9
Extremely obese: 40+

Question 24

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 24

4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnsons

1. Initial excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

Question 25

Refactory Period

Answer 25

Resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 26

Estrogen

Answer 26

Secreted in greater amounts by females than males. Primary female sex hormone

Question 27

Testosterone

Answer 27

primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females. Principle sex hormone for males

Question 28

Sexual orientation

Answer 28

Sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender or the other gender
- homosexual or heterosexual

Question 29

Industrialiorganizational psychology

Answer 29

Studies and advises on workplace behavior. Help organizations select and train employees. Helps body employee morale and productivity

Question 30

Task Leadership

Answer 30

Goal-orientated leadership that sets standards, organizes work, attention on goals

Question 31

Social Leadership

Answer 31

Group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support

Question 32

McGregor’s Theory X

Answer 32

Assumes that workers are lazy, error-prone, and motivated by $. Believes they should be directed from above (boss)

Question 33

McGregor’s Theory Y

Answer 33

Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivatged to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence + creativity