Motivation Flashcards
Instincts
Innate, unlearned complex behavior
Incentives
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
- People are pulled towards behaviors that offer positive incentives
- People are pushed away from behaviors associated with negative incentives
Intrinsic motivation
Motivated by the interest and enjoyment in the task iteself
- purpose
- growth
- passion
- curiosity
Extrinsic motivation
Motivated by the outcome that will result by doing the task
- promotions
- pay raise
- perks
- benefits
Overjustification Effect
Occurs when an expected incentive decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perfomr a task
Self-Efficacy
High self-efficacy = you will believe you are capable of achieving a task or goal
Low self-efficacy = less you will believe you are capable of achieving a task or goal
Achievement motivation
A desire for significant accomplisment. Once you achieve a goal, you want to complete another.
Drive Reduction Theory - Clark Hull
Need—>Drive—>Drive-reducing behaviors
A phsiological need that creates an aroused state. The aroused state motivates you to reduce the tension or satisfy the need
EX of drive reducion: homeostasis, equilibrium, internal stablity (eating, drinking)
Arousal Theory (Yerks-Dodson)
—Aim of motivation is to maintain an optimal level of arousal
—Need for arousal/excitment is unique for everyone
If the arousal is less than the optimal level, we do something to stimulate it
If the arousal is more than the optimal level, we reduce the stimuli
We perform best at the optimal level
Evolutionary Theory (Instinct Theory)
Our motives are there to help us survive
—instincts are the prime movers of all human activity
—all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive
No scientific way to prove existence of instincts in humans
Maslow’s Theory — Hierarchy of Human Needs
Physiological - food, water, breathing, homeostasis
Safety - security of body, employment, resources, property
Love/belonging - friendship, family, sex
Esteem - self-esteem, confidence, respect from others
Self-actualization - morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance of facts
Cognitive Dissonance
When your behavior doesn’t match your thinking (smoke even though you know it’s bad for you)
Glucose
— Sugar that circulates in the blood
— major source of energy
— Low levels = hunger
— high levels = full
Insulin
— Converts blood glucose into stored fat
— elevated insulin levels can trigger hunger by decreasing glucose levels
Set Point
Hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum target body weight
Metabolic rate
Body’s base or resting rate of energy expenditure
Hypothalmus
Linked with emotion and controls body maintenance functions (i.e eating, drinking, body temperature)
Psychological factors of hunger: External
Motivated to eat by food cues like attractiveness, availability, smell or time of day
Psychological factors of hunger: Internals
Less affected by presentation and presence of food and more in tuned to body’s hunger cues
Anorexia Nervosa
Normal weight person that becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat and continues to not eat
- concerned with body image and gaining weight
Bulimia Nervosa
Disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually in secret. Followed by a form of purging: vomiting, laxative use, fasting.
- most bulimics maintian a normal weight
Obesity
Conditon of having excessive fat
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Normal weight: 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight: 25 - 29.9
Obese: 30 - 39.9
Extremely obese: 40+
Sexual Response Cycle
4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnsons
- Initial excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Refactory Period
Resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Estrogen
Secreted in greater amounts by females than males. Primary female sex hormone
Testosterone
primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females. Principle sex hormone for males
Sexual orientation
Sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender or the other gender
- homosexual or heterosexual
Industrialiorganizational psychology
Studies and advises on workplace behavior. Help organizations select and train employees. Helps body employee morale and productivity
Task Leadership
Goal-orientated leadership that sets standards, organizes work, attention on goals
Social Leadership
Group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support
McGregor’s Theory X
Assumes that workers are lazy, error-prone, and motivated by $. Believes they should be directed from above (boss)
McGregor’s Theory Y
Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivatged to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence + creativity
