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IGCSE Physics > Motion, Forces And Energy > Flashcards

Motion, Forces And Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the speed of light

A

3x10^8

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2
Q

What do you put on the x axis

A

The independent/input variable

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3
Q

What do you put on the y axis

A

The dependant/output variable

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4
Q

How can we ensure an accurate experiment result (3)

A

By taking a bigger sample size
Repeating the experiments more than 3 times and calculating an average

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5
Q

How can we measure the volume of a liquid

A

A measuring cylinder

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6
Q

How can we find the volume of a solid

A

By part filling a cylinder and noting the volume, then submerge a solid and not the new volume. The change in volume is the volume of the solid

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7
Q

How do you calculate the time for one oscillation

A

Total oscillations/number of oscillations

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8
Q

How do you calculate the thickness of a sheet of paper

A

Total thickness/number of sheets

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9
Q

What are scalars

A

Physical quantities with only magnitude

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10
Q

What are vectors

A

Quantities that have both magnitude and direction

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11
Q

What is momentum

A

An object’s resistance to stopping

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12
Q

What is the formula for momentum

A

p=mv

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13
Q

Is momentum a scalar or vector quantity

A

Vector

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14
Q

What is the SI unit for momentum

A

Kg m/s

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15
Q

What is impulse

A

Measure in change of momentum

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16
Q

What is force in relation to momentum
Give the formula

A

The rate of change of momentum
F=change in momentum/change in time

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17
Q

How does an airbag save lives

A
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18
Q

How does an airbag save lives

A

Can’t change impulse in car crash, but because airbag deflates upon impact, it increases the time for the momentum to be transferred and reduces the overall force on your body Can’t change impulse in car crash, but because airbag deflates upon impact, it increases the time for the momentum to be transferred and reduces the overall force on your body

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19
Q

What is the principle of conservation of linear momentum

A

When objects of a system interact, their total momentum before and after interaction are equal unless a net force acts upon the system

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20
Q

What is the principle of conservation of momentum

A

Total momentum of an isolated system in constant

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21
Q

What is the formula for the momentum of 2 objects that remain separate after collision

A

m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2u2

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22
Q

What is the formula for 2 objects that joined or liked up after interaction

A

m1u1+m2u2=(m1+m2)v

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23
Q

What happens to the velocity of 2 objects if they join during an interaction

A

They become equal

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24
Q

What happens to the total momentum during a collision

A

It is conserved

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25
Q

What happens to the masses of objects that join during an interaction

A

They combine

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26
Q

What are 2 very important rule to remember when calculating momentum

A

If moving in opposite directions, one velocity must be negative
You must state the direction of the object/s after interaction

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27
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy

A

1/2mv^2

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28
Q

What is the formula for gpe

A

mgh

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29
Q

What 3 sources of energy do not come from the sun

A

Tidal
Geothermal
Nuclear

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30
Q

What is the turning effect of a force known as

A

A moment

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31
Q

When will the average and instantaneous velocity be the same

A

In the middle of the time

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32
Q

What is terminal velocity

A

The highest velocity attainable by an object falling through a fluid such as air or oil. It occurs when all the forces acting upon the object are equal. It has 0 acceleration

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33
Q

What is it called when an object undergoes an acceleration caused by gravity

A

Free fall

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34
Q

What is free-fall

A

Any motion of a body when gravity is the only force actung upon it

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35
Q

What is inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion

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36
Q

What is mass

A

The amount of matter in a body/measure of inertia in a body
It is dependant on the number if and the arrangements of atoms
It has a constant magnitude

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37
Q

What can be used to measure mass

A

Beam balance
Calibrated electronic balance

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38
Q

What is weight

A

The amount of gravitational force acting upon a body
Acts towards the centre of the earth
Depends on gravitational field strength

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39
Q

What can be used to measure weight

A

Scale balance
Calibrated electronic balance

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40
Q

Give an alternate way to measure the volume of an irregular object

A

Completely fill a eureka with water, measure what volume flowed over after the object was placed in

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41
Q

When will an object sink in water

A

When it has a density of higher than 1g/cm3

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42
Q

What may be caused by a force

A

A change in size,shape or motion of an object

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43
Q

What does an imbalance of forces acting upon an object cause

A

Acceleration/deceleration

44
Q

How does mass effect a forces effect

A

The greater the mass of an object, the more force you need for the same change to the objects motion

45
Q

What is Hooke’s law

A

The extention of a spring is directly proportionate to the force applied provided it has noy passed the limit of proportionality

46
Q

What is the limit of proportionality

A

The point beyond which hookes law is no longer true

47
Q

What does an object need to move in a cicular path

A

A force that acts perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the object, towards the centre of the circle

48
Q

What are the conditions for an equilibrium

A

The total moments must be zero and the total net forces must be zero.

49
Q

What is a lamina

A

Uniform sheet that has equal thickness throughout. Its centre of mass will always come to rest directly below the point of suspention

50
Q

Provide an experiment to find the centre of mass of a lamina

A

-suspend shape from a location near an edge
-drop a plumb line(string with mass) and mark the line
-repeat from a new suspension point and mark the line
Where the lines meet is the centre of mass.

51
Q

What is a plumb line

A

A string with mass

52
Q

What is energy

A

the capacity of an object to do work

53
Q

What is mechanical work

A

Forces transferring energy through
electrical currents(work)
Heating
Waves

54
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy of a moving object

55
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

Energy of an object raised up against the formce of gravity

56
Q

What is chemical energy

A

Energy stored in chemical substances that can be released in chemical reactions

57
Q

What is chemical energy

A

Energy stored in a chemical substance that can be released during a chemical equation

58
Q

What is elastic/strain potential energy

A

Energy that is stored when an object is stretched or compressed and is released when the contriction is.

59
Q

What is electrical energy

A

Energy transferred by electric current

60
Q

What is nuclear energy

A

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

61
Q

internal energy

A

Sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all the objects particles

62
Q

What is the principle of conservation of energy

A

The total energy of a closed system is constant provided no external force acts.

63
Q

What do sankey diagrams represent

A

The flow and amount of energy in a system

64
Q

What is work

A

Energy transfered
Related to magnitude of a force on a body and the distance moved in the direction of the force

65
Q

Why is work done the same as change in gpe?

A

With no frictional forces you are only doing work against gravity

66
Q

Why do we use slopes/ramps

A

Same work is done but over a greater distance, so the average force is much less, requiring less effort.

67
Q

Weight

A

The effect of gravitational field strength on mass

68
Q

Describe qualitatively, motion in a circular path due to a force perpendicular to the motion (3)

A

If speed increases force increases, radius and mass constant
If radius decreases force increases
Increased mass requires increased force to keep speed and radius constant

69
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The extension is no longer proportional to the force

70
Q

Centre of gravity

A

The point through which an objects weight will act through

71
Q

Experiment to determine position of centre of gravity of a lamina

A

Allow the card to swing freely from the pin. The card turns until the centre of mass is vertically under the pin. Repeat using a plumb line, and wherever the lines cross, this is the centre of mass.

72
Q

Effect of the position of the centre of gravity on stability

A

The lower the centre of gravity, the more stable

73
Q

Describe, qualitatively, motion in a circular path due to a force perpendicular to the motion

A

-speed increases if force increases, with mass and radius constant
-radius decreases if force increases, with mass and speed constant
-an increased mass requires an increased force to keep speed and radius constant

74
Q

Centripetal force

A

Motion in a circular due to a force perpendicular to the motion

75
Q

What does the stability of an object depend on

A

It’s centre of gravity

76
Q

Moment of a force
Def + eg.

A

Measure of the force’s turning effect
-opening and closing a door along a fixed hinge
-seesaw
-unscrewing a nut with a spanner

77
Q

How can energy be stored (7)

A

Elastic (strain)
Kinetic
Gravitational potential
Chemical potential
Electrostatic
Internal (thermal)
Nuclear

78
Q

How is energy released from the sun

A

From nuclear fusion in the sun

79
Q

Briefly how does a generator work

A

When a generator turns, it generates a current. This is because the turning of the generator causes a magnet to move in an electric field. This is what causes the induction of current.

80
Q

How is energy obtained from wind

A

In wind turbines, the wind causes the generator to turn. Here, kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy.

81
Q

How energy can be obtained from water (3)

A

Hydroelectric dams
Energy stored in Tides
Energy stored in Waves

82
Q

How can energy be obtained from hydroelectric dams

A

water is held behind a dam, forming an artificial lake or reservoir. The force of the water being released through the dam spins the blades of a giant turbine, which turns the generator. Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, then to electrical energy.

83
Q

How can energy be obtained from waves

A

Waves force the water to move up and down inside the chamber, which in turn forces the air in the chamber back and forth through the turbine. This causes the turbine to turn, and thus the turbine turns the generator. Kinetic energy from the waves is turned into electrical.

84
Q

How is energy obtained from tides

A

Tidal fence

Long row of vertical axis turbines (like wind turbines), that span across a channel or a long straight. The water is forced through the turbines, turning them. This turns the generator, which produces electrical energy. Kinetic energy is transferred into electrical energy

85
Q

Sources of energy (7)

A

Geothermal
Nuclear
Light from the sun
Electromagnetic waves from the sun
Water
Chemical energy in Fossil fuels
Chemical energy in biofuels

86
Q

Ow energy is obtained from fossil fuels

A

Fuels are burnt, producing a lot of heat energy, which heats a reservoir of water. This produces steam, which expands against the blades of the turbine, causing it to turn. This turns the generator, and electricity is produced. chemical energy is converted to heat energy, to kinetic/ mechanical energy, to electric energy.

87
Q

How energy is obtained from geothermal sources

A

heat is used to heat water, which creates steam, which turns a turbine, which turns a generator. Heat energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is converted to electric energy.

88
Q

How is energy obtained from nuclear sources

A

Source of heat energy comes from the radioactive decay of uranium that is used to boil water in a boiler. The high pressure, high temperature steam produced is used to turn a turbine, which in turn rotates a generator producing AC electricity which is feed into the national grid

89
Q

How is useful energy obtained from the sun light

A

The sun releases light and heat in a process called nuclear fusion. The light can be used in photovoltaic cells to generate electricity and the heat energy can be used to heat water in a solar geyser.

90
Q

Describe how Infrared waves from the Sun heat water

A

Solar panels

Water is stored in a water tank and pumped through small pipes running through the solar panel
Infrared radiation from the Sun heats the water in the pipes as it flows through them
The water returns to the tank at a higher temperature

91
Q

How is wind caused

A

Wind is caused by uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. Because the earth’s surface is made up of different types of land and water, the earth absorbs the sun’s heat at different rates.

92
Q

Advantages of fossil fuels (5)

A

Cheap
Low-tech equipment required
Easy to transport
In abundant supply
Reliable

93
Q

Fossil fuels disadvantages (2)

A

Harmful wastes – greenhouses gases, pollutant gases, radiation
Is non-renewable, so will run out at our current rate of consumption

94
Q

Hydroelectric dam advantages (4)

A

No pollution
No greenhouse gases
Is a renewable resource
Reasonably reliable

95
Q

Hydroelectric dam disadvantages (3)

A

Expensive
Must be built on bodies of water – can’t be built anywhere
May not be able to be used during periods of drought, when water levels run low

96
Q

Wave energy advantages (2)

A

No greenhouse gases
No pollution

97
Q

Wave energy disadvantages (2)

A

Difficult to build, so can’t be used very large scale
Not reliable – there aren’t always waves.

98
Q

Geothermal advantages (4)

A

No greenhouse gases
A reliable resource
Renewable resource
Only cost is the maintenance

99
Q

Geothermal disadvantages (2)

A

Deep drilling is expensive and difficult
Limited sites where it can go

100
Q

Nuclear fission advantages (4)

A

Very reliable
Low running costs
Plants can be placed anywhere but preferably by a water source
Negligible environmental impact

101
Q

Nuclear fission disadvantages (3)

A

Non renewable
Unsafe as accidents could lead to loss of loves and make an area uninhabitable for many years
Decommissioning of a plant is very expensive as legacy radioactive waste is very hard to get rid of

102
Q

Solar energy advantages (4)

A

Renewable
Affordable
Can be scaled easily and put on everyone’s house
Does not produce any greenhouse gases

103
Q

Solar energy disadvantage

A

Not reliable

104
Q

Wind energy advantages (5)

A

Predictable
Renewable
Running costs are relatively low
Easy to scale
Does. It produce greenhouse gases

105
Q

Wind energy disadvantages (3)

A

Initial cost can be high
Alternative power sources are needed when wind isn’t strong enough
Birds could strike the turbine blades and the noise could be a nuisance

106
Q

How is energy transferred (4)

A

Forces (mechanical work done)
Electrical currents (electrical work done)
Heating
Electromagnetic, sound and other waves

IGCSE Physics (11 decks)

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