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Physics GCSE > Motion And Forces > Flashcards

Motion And Forces Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a vector quantity and a scalar quantity

A

Vector = magnitude and directions
Scalar = only magnitude

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2
Q

Give examples of vector quantities

A
  • Force
  • velocity
  • displacement
  • acceleration
  • momentum
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3
Q

Give examples of scalar quantities

A
  • speed
  • distance
  • mass
  • temperature
  • time
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4
Q

Describe how vectors are represented (arrows)

A

By an arrow:
- the length shows magnitude
- the direction shows the direction of the quantity

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5
Q

What is a contact force, give some examples

A

When two objects have to be touching for a force to act, it’s called a contact force: e.g.
- friction
- air resistance
- tension in ropes
- normal contact force

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6
Q

What is a non contact force, give some examples

A

Objects that do not need to be touching for the force to act:
- magnetic force
- gravitational force
- electrostatic force

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7
Q

What is the equation for weight, mass and gfs

A

Weight = mass x Gravitational field strength

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8
Q

How to do parallelogram of forces

A

1) draw 2 vectors tail to tail
2) Draw 2 parallel vectors to form a parallelogram
3) measure the length of the line in the centre and the angle

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9
Q

What is weight

A

The force of gravity on an object (N)

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10
Q

What is upthrust

A

The upward force that a liquid or gas exerts on a body flowing in it

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11
Q

Drag

A

Air resistance acting against thrust

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12
Q

What is force

A
  • A force is a push or pull that acts upon an object as a result of that object’s interactions with its surroundings.
  • Measured in Newtons
  • A vector quantity
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13
Q

Is air resistance a contact or non contact force

A

Contact - due to the physical contact (collisions) between an object and the particles in the air

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14
Q

What’s the difference between displacement and distance

A

Displacement = km + NSEW
Distance = km

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15
Q

A 20 m displacement North is the same as:

A
    • 20m displacement south
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16
Q

Is power a scalar or vector quantity

A

Scalar - it has magnitude but no direction

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17
Q

What does the direction the arrow represent and the size represent

A

Direction of arrow = direction
Size = magnitude

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18
Q

What are free body diagrams used for

A

Free body diagrams use arrows to show all of the forces acting on an object.

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19
Q

What is the name of the overall force acting on an object, taking in account all different forces acting on it

A

The resultant force

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20
Q

During take-off, a plane has a lift force (upwards force) of 690,000 N and a weight (downwards force) of 600,000 N.
What is the resultant force?

A

90,000 N upwards

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21
Q

What two properties are affected by the resultant force

A

Speed and direction

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22
Q

What is Equilibrium

A

If all the forces acting on an object balance out, then we say that the object is in equilibrium

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23
Q

How to work out resultant force using vector diagrams

A
  • tip to tail
  • if given a direction, use north to take a bearing
  • then make it a triangle, the hypotenuse is the resultant force
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24
Q

What does deformation mean

A

refers to a change in the shape of an object as a result of forces being applied to it.

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25
If an object does return to its original shape after the forces have been removed, it is known as…
Elastic deformation
26
if an object does not return to its original shape after the forces have been removed, it is known as
Inelastic deformation
27
Applying forces to an object can cause it to:
- bend - compress - stretch
28
Extension is…
the increase in length of a spring when its stretched. Be aware that it can also refer to a decrease in length, if the spring is compressed.
29
An object's spring constant is…
a measure of how many Newtons of force it would require to stretch (or compress) the object by 1 metre. It has the units N/m. Objects with a higher spring constant are more stiff, so they require more force to stretch.
30
Which object has a higher spring constant: - wood Or - Bungee cord
Wood, it requires more energy to stretch it or, in other words, is more stiff (less elastic).
31
What happens when you stretch an object too much and what does it mean
It will pass its 'elastic limit' and then start deforming inelastically
32
What is the formula for force (think springs)
F = Ke
33
A dog travels 300 m north in 100 s. What is the dog's average velocity?
3 m/s North (include direction)
34
Acceleration is
The rate in change in velocity
35
Negative acceleration is often called
Deceleration
36
What’s the tricky acceleration equation
2 x acceleration x distance = (Final velocity^2) - (initial velocity^2)
37
On a distance / time graph what axis is the distance and time on
Distance = y. Time= x.
38
The gradient of a distance / time graph tells us
The speed of the object
39
What does a flat line on a distance / time graph tell us about the movement of an object?
It’s stationary
40
If the curve starts getting steeper on a distance time graph what does it mean
The object is accelerating
41
To find the velocity at point on a distance time graph, we need to
Draw a tangent and use it to find the gradient of the line
42
What is friction
Friction is a force that opposes motion when two objects slide over each other
43
The force that causes an object to fall towards the earth is:
Weight
44
The size of the air resistance is dependent on the object's…
Surface area and velocity
45
The force of air resistance is caused by…
the moving object colliding with particles in the air
46
As the velocity of a falling object increases….
The air resistance increases
47
We say an object has reached 'terminal velocity' when…
An object is falling with a constant velocity
48
Terminal velocity is reached when…
- the resultant force is 0 - the air resistance and the weight are equal, so speed is constant - there’s no more acceleration
49
If a ball is dropped from a plane and has not yet reached terminal velocity, then the ball must be…
Accelerating
50
On a velocity / time graph, the velocity and time are on which axis
Velocity: y Time: x
51
A flat line on the velocity / time graph tells us
the object is moving at constant velocity.
52
The gradient of a velocity / time graph tells us:
The acceleration or deceleration of the object
53
On a velocity / time graph, the distance travelled is shown by:
The area under the curve
54
What is Newtons first Law
A resultant force is required to change the motion of an object. If there is no resultant force the object will continue moving at the same velocity
55
What is Newtons 2nd law
A resultant force will cause an object to accelerate in the direction of the force.
56
What is Newtons 3rd Law
When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
57
When pushing against a wall, the wall pushes back with an equal and opposite force. What is this force called
Normal contact force
58
A person weighs 800 N and is standing on the ground. The ground is pushing upwards towards the person's feet. (According do Newtons 3rd Law) How many newtons is this force?
800N
59
What is stopping distance
Stopping distance is the total distance a car travels from the moment when the driver first notices an obstruction, to when the car stops.
60
What can affect a persons thinking time
- Tiredness - alcohol - being distracted - age (worse eye sight for older people) - The speed of the car (faster car = faster reactions needed)
61
What can affect a persons braking distance
- tyre quality - quality of brakes - Mass of car - weather (icy roads)
62
A vehicle drives twice as fast. What happens to the breaking distance?
Increases by 4x
63
Momentum is a ______ quantity
Vector
64
What are the units for momentum
Kg m/s
65
The conservation of momentum principle states…
The total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.
66
What is Newtons first Law
If the resultant force on a stationary object is 0, the object will remain stationary. If the resultant force on a moving object is 0, it’ll just carry on moving at the same velocity.
67
Describe the forces acting on an object if it is moving at a constant velocity
- the resistive driving forces on it must all be balanced
68
What is Newton’s second law
- the larger the resultant force acting on an object, the more the object accelerates - therefore force and acceleration are directly proportional
69
What is an inertia
- the tendency for Motion to remain unchanged - (when the object is moving at a steady speed and remains in the same state of motion)
70
What is Newton’s third Law
When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
71
Give an example of Newton’s third law
- If you push a shopping trolley, it will push back against you just as hard - when you stop, so does the trolley
72
What does the braking distance rely on
Friction between the brakes and wheels
73
Describe what happens when you brake
- brake pedal pushed = pads press down on wheels = causing friction which cause work to be done - The work done (between brakes and wheels) is transferred from the kinetic energy store wheels to the thermal energy store of the brakes - The brakes increase in temp - the faster the vehicle is going, the more energy it has in its kinetic store, so more work needs to be done to stop it - meaning a greater braking force is needed to make it stop
74
Why do you need to be careful with larger braking forces
- larger braking force = larger deceleration - this is dangerous = causes brakes to overheat (so they don’t work as well) - and can cause the vehicle to skid
75
Is momentum a vector or scalar quantity
Vector
76
Describe the conservation of momentum
- in a closed system - the total momentum before an event is = to the moment after the event

Physics GCSE (8 decks)

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