Most common Flashcards
What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia in adults over 50?
Colorectal Polyps/Carcinoma
What is the most common cause of UTIs overall?
E.Coli
Which cause of UTIs mainly affects young women?
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
Iodine Deficiency
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the UK?
Autoimmune
What is the most common cause of bowel obstruction?
Diverticular Disease
What is the most common location for bowel ischaemia?
Splenic Flexure
SMA -> IMA
Which organ is most commonly transplanted?
Kidney
What are the four most common causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Staph aureus
Klebsiella spp
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
What is the most common cause of typical pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the most common STI in europe?
Gonococcal Erethritis
What is the most common STI in young adults in the UK?
Chlamydia trachomatis
What is the 2nd most common cancer in women worldwide?
Cervical
What is the most common form of cervical cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What is the most common form of hypernatraemia?
Hypovolaemic
What is the most common cause of respiratory acidosis?
COPD
What are the two most common vectors for Rabies?
Dogs
Bats
What is the most common cause of AL Amyloidosis?
Multiple Myeloma
What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide?
IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)
What is the most common cause of encephalitis?
HSV1
What is the most common cause of fungal meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in the UK?
Colorectal Carcinoma
What is the most common form of colorectal carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common location for colorectal adenocarcinoma?
Rectum
What is the most common form of classical complement deficiency?
C2
What is the most commonly used form of immune adjuvant?
Aluminium Salts
What is the most common cause of dementia?
Alzheimer’s
Which blood product is most commonly infected with bacteria?
Platelets
What is the most common cause of CKD?
Diabetes
What is the most common site of an intraparenchymal haemorrhage?
Basal Ganglia
What is the most common species causing malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the most common gene mutation causing Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Beta-MHC
Which is the most commonly affected valve in Endocarditis in an IVDU?
Tricuspid
Which is the most commonly infected valve in Endocarditis in a non-IVDU?
Mitral
What is the most common cause of IE overall?
Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
What is the most common cause of IE in an IVDU?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the most common cause of IE stemming from a dental abscess?
Streptococcus viridans
What are the most common causes of culture-negative IE?
HACEK organisms
What is the most common location for a carcinoid tumour?
Bowel
Which is the most common porphyria?
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
What is the most common cause of a non-anaemic macrocytosis?
Alcohol
What is the most common type of Ovarian Tumour?
Serous Cystadenoma
What is the most common oestrogen-secreting tumour?
Mucinous Cystadenoma
What is the most common malignancy in women?
Breast
Which Ovarian malignancy most commonly presents in young women?
Dysgerminoma
What is the most common benign ovarian tumour in young women?
Teratoma
Which valve is most commonly affected in Acute Rheumatic Fever?
Mitral
What is the most common Renal Malignancy?
Epithelial Renal Cell Carcinoma
What is the 2nd most common childhood malignancy?
Nephroblastoma
Where is Transitional Cell carcinoma most commonly found?
Bladder
What is the most common histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma?
Clear Cell
What are the most common causes of PID in the UK?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
What is the most common tumour of the female genital tract?
Leimyoma (Fibroid)
What are the three most common locations for kidney stone impaction?
Pelvi-Ureteric junction
Pelvic Brim
Vesico-Ureteric Junction
What is the most common histological subtype of Prostate Cancer in men over 50?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common subtype of testicular tumour?
Germ Cell Tumours
What is the most common type of male germinal tumour?
Seminoma
What is the most common precursor lesion of testicular tumours?
Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia
What is the most common cause of malignant SIADH?
Small Cell Lung Cancer
What is the most common paraprotein type seen in Multiple Myeloma?
IgG
What is the most common malignancy in Equatorial Africa?
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
What is the 2nd most common form of porphyria?
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
What is the most common cause of lactational mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the most common subtype of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Nodular Sclerosing
What is the most common cause of iatrogenic CJD?
Surgery
What is the most common prion disease?
Sporadic CJD
What is the most common cause of sudden death in the first 24 hours after an MI?
Ventricular Fibrillation
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast
What is the most common subtype of breast cancer?
Invasive Ductal
What is the most common cause of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Chronic Liver Disease
What is the most common cause of malignant liver lesions?
Metastases from GI/Breast/Bronchus
What is the most common cause of meningitis in 3m-2yo?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in over 3s?
Neisseria Meningitides
What is the most common form of Amyloidosis?
AL
What is the most common cause of familial amyloidosis?
Familial Mediterranean Fever
What is the most common presentation of Amyloidois?
Nephrotic Syndrome
What is the most common cause of Cerebral Infarction?
Cerebral Artherosclerosis
Which vascular territory is most commonly affected in Cerebral Infarction?
Middle Cerebral Artery
What is the most common form of Peptic Ulcer?
Duodenal
What is the most common type of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia?
Warm Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
What is the most common cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in children?
Minimal Change Disease
What is the most common cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in Afro-Caribbean people?
Focal segmental Glomerulonephritis
What is the most common benign tumour of the bone?
Osteochondroma
What is the most common form of brain tumour?
Metastatic Lesions
What is the most common group of primary brain tumours?
Astrocytomas
What is the most common Neuroepithelial Tumour?
Astrocytoma
What is the most common Meningeal Tumour?
Meningioma
What are the 2 most common sites of origin of metastatic brain lesions?
Lung (Small Cell)
Breast
What is the most common cause of oesophagitis?
GORD
What is the most common cause of a macrocytic anaemia in Western countries?
Pernicious Anaemia
What is the most common form of Renal Cell Carcinoma seen in dialysis-associated cystic disease?
Papillary Carcinoma
What is the most common site of disease in Sarcoidosis?
Lungs
What is the most common drug used in hyperthyroidism?
Carbimazole
What is the most common cause of Chronic Liver Disease in the West?
Non-Alcoholic fatty Liver Disease
What is the most common subtype of lung cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What is the most common subtype of lung cancer in women?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common subtype of lung cancer in non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common cause of Febrile Convulsions?
Roseola Infantum
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
Pre-Renal
What is the most common renal cause of acute renal failure?
Acute Tubular Necrosis
What is the most common benign tumour of the liver?
Haemangioma
What is the most common form of Psoriasis?
Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
What is the most common cause of Acute Pyelonephritis?
Escherichia Coli
What is the most common Erythrocyte enzyme defect?
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
What is the most common benign tumour of the breast?
Fibroadenoma
What is the most common cause of Hypoparathyroidism?
Postsurgical
What is the most common subtype of Pancreatic Cancer?
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common susceptibility gene mutation in Breast Cancer?
BRCA1/2
What is the most common cause of Aplastic Anaemia?
Idiopathic
What is the most common location of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Middle 1/3
What is the most common gene mutation associated with Crohn’s Disease?
NOD2
What is the most common inherited clotting disorder in the Western World?
Factor V Leiden
What is the most common endogenous cause of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Pituitary Tumour (Cushing’s Disease)
What is the most common subtype of Endometrial Carcinoma?
Endometroid
What is the most common type of Endometroid Endometrial Cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most commonly seen mutation in Myelofibrosis?
JAK2
What is the most commonly seen mutation in Essential Thrombocytopaenia?
JAK2
What is the most common mutation seen in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
AD mutation in APC gene
What is the most common cause of Viral Meningitis?
Enteroviruses
What is the most common mutation seen in Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?
AD mutation in PKD1 gene
What is the most common form of Thyroid malignancy?
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
What is the most likely cause of Medullary Thyroid carcinoma?
Sporadic
What is the most common antibody implicated in Pernicious Anaemia?
Gastric Parietal Cells
What is the most common location for an Osteosarcoma?
Knee
How is CLL most commonly diagnosed?
Incidentally
What is the most common syndromic association of Hirchsprung Disease?
Down’s
What is the most common cause of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Single Parathyroid Adenoma
What is the second most common cause of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperplasia/Multiple Adenomas
What are the 2 most common causes of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
CKD
Vitamin D Deficiency
What is the most common composition of renal stones?
Calcium Oxalate
What is the second most common composition of renal stones?
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
What is the most common location for an undescended testis?
Inguinal Canal
What is the most common cause of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency?
X-Linked SCID
What is the most common cause of subarachnoid haemorrhages?
Ruptured Berry Aneurysms
What is the most common cause of intraparenchymal haemorrhage?
Hypertension
What is the most common location to find an enchondroma?
Hands
What is the most common site of Diverticular Disease?
Left Colon
