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Cell Bio > Moss - Tissues and Stem Cells > Flashcards

Moss - Tissues and Stem Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happened to cells due to the evolution of multicellularity?

A

cells in the human body have lost the capacity for independent survival, rather they are members of a cohesive and integrated organism

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2
Q

how many cells are there in the human body?

A

more than 1014

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3
Q

how many distinct varieties of cells are there in the adult human body?

A

~210, not including subtle differences

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4
Q

what do all cell varieties have?

A

the same genome

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5
Q

how can similar-looking undifferentiated cells give rise to very different adult organisms?

A

through development

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6
Q

what cells divide and differentiate into mature cells found in tissues and organs?

A

stem cells and progenitor cells

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7
Q

what are the three main factors that contribute to the stability of tissue organization?

A

cell-to-cell communication

selective cell adhesion

molecular cell memory

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8
Q

what contribution does cell-to-cell communication give to the stability of tissue organization?

A

direct contact and diffusible signals will influence the survival, proliferation, and behavior of cells

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9
Q

what is an example of cell-to-cell communication in tissue stability/organization

A

tissue growth can induce the formation of blood vessels; nerves die if they don’t find a cell to innervate

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10
Q

what contribution does selective cell adhesion give to the stability of tissue organization?

A

cells form selective attachment to other cells or to the basement membrane or ECM

loss of attachments can change their cell behavior

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11
Q

what kind of binding do cadherins and other cell adhesion molecules use?

A

cadherins and other cell adhesion molecules follow certain molecular rules, such as homophilic binding

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12
Q

what contribution does molecular cell memory give to the stability of tissue organization?

A

gene expression patterns established during development are stabilized, thus maintaining cell identity throughout life

even as cells proliferate and generate new cells, they pass on the inherited pattern to their cellular progeny

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13
Q

in what way would skin be classified?

A

as a stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what happens to cells in the epithelium?

A

the basal cell layer is attached to the basal lamina

as cells begin to die they detach from the basal lamina, move up through the different layers until it reaches the surface and flakes off

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15
Q

what are the different layers found in the epithelium (from top to bottom)?

A

Squame about to flake off

keratinized squames

granular cell layer

prickle cell layer

basal cell layer

basal lamina

connective tissue of dermis

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16
Q

what skin layers are keratinocytes?

A

basal cell layer

prickle cell layers

granular cell layer

keratinized squames

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17
Q

how would the cell layers in the intestine be classified?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Progenitor cells have limited capacity to divide

A

TRUE

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Stem cells have a lifetime capacity to divide as long as they are in the stem cell niche

A

TRUE

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20
Q

In the lumen of the gut, how do cells develop?

A

cells move up from the bottom as they develop from dividing stem cells

once stem cells divide, they become dividing precursor cells

once they reach the top of the crypt, they become nondividing terminally differentiated cells

in the case of the gut lumen, absorptive cells and secretory cells

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21
Q

what do all self-renewing tissues have?

A

stem cells

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22
Q

what are stem cells?

A

multi- or pluripotent (maybe totipotent)

practically unlimited division potential

daughters either remain stem cells or become committed to differentiation

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23
Q

what is multipotent?

A

many cell types

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24
Q

what is pluripotent?

A

all cell types of the body

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25
Q

what is totipotent?

A

all cell types, plus extraembryonic tissues

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26
Q

what are the three ways stem cells may divide?

A

symmetrically

asymmetrically

symmetrically with commitment

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27
Q

why are stem cell divisions slow?

A

to preserve the genome

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28
Q

what is symmetric division of stem cells without commitment?

A

stem cells divide and their daughters remain stem cells

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29
Q

what is asymmetric stem cell division?

A

stem cells divide

one daughter remains a stem cell

the other daughter cell differentiates and divides until it is terminally differentiated

30
Q

what is symmetrical stem cell division with commitment?

A

stem cells divide and their daughter cells both commit to differentiation

31
Q

what creates the stem cell niche?

A

paneth cells

32
Q

what surrounds the outside of the crypt?

A

the basement membrane

33
Q

what maintains stem cell identity?

A

Wnt signaling from Paneth cells, and other signals from nearby tissues

34
Q

what does the Wnt pathway do in the crypt?

A

it maintains the proliferation zone

35
Q

What does Wnt signaling do in the crypt?

A

it helps define the stem cells of the intestinal crypt

36
Q

what happens without the Wnt signal?

A

Wnt-responsive genes are off

37
Q

what happens when the Wnt signal is on?

A

transcription of Wnt-responsive genes, leading to proliferation of gut stem cells

38
Q

what kind of pathway is the Wnt pathway?

A

a signal transduction pathway

39
Q

what are the two types of non-dividing, differentiated intestinal cells?

A

absorptive cell

secretory sell (goblet cell)

40
Q

what does the adsorptive cell in the intestines do?

A

uses cilia to take in nutrients from the gut

41
Q

what does the secretory (goblet) cell do in the intestine?

A

secretes mucous

42
Q

where are specialized cells derived from?

A

multipotent stem cells

different numbers of each are produced

43
Q

how do stem cells divide? what do they produce?

A

they divide slowly and give rise to rapidly-dividing cells (committed precursor cells or transit-amplifying cells) that are fated to differentiate

44
Q

what are the rapidly dividing cells that stem cells give rise to?

A

committed precursor cells

or transit-amplifying cells

45
Q

TRUE or False: Differentiated cells do not divide

A

TRUE

46
Q

what do the differentiated cells do?

A

they move away from the stem cells

47
Q

in the intestine, where do the cells of the villus move?

A

up

48
Q

in the intestine, where do the differentiated cells of the crypt (Paneth cells) move?

A

down

49
Q

what eventually happens to all differentiated cells?

A

they die via apoptosis and are phagocytosed

50
Q

how are stem cells and tissues maintained?

A
  • specialized cell types derive from multipotent stem cells
    • Different numbers of each type are produced
  • stem cells divide slowly and give rise to rapidly-dividing cells (committed precursor cells or transit-amplifying cells) that are fated to differentiate.
    • Differentiated cells don’t divide
  • The differentiating cells move away from the stem cells.
    • cells of the villus move up
    • Paneth cells of the crypt move down
  • All differentiated cells eventually die via apoptosis and are phagocytosed
51
Q

what type of stem cell are blood cells derived from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

52
Q

what are the types of blood cells?

A
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
    • granulocytes
      • neutrophils
      • eosinophils
      • basophils
    • lymphocytes
    • monocytes
  • platelets (fragments of megakaryocytes)
  • osteoclasts
53
Q

what do granulocytes contain?

A

many lysosomes and secretory vesicles

54
Q

what can happen to monocytes?

A

they can become macrophages

55
Q

how much blood do people have?

A

about 5 liters

56
Q

what is different about the development of blood cells from stem cells vs. other cells?

A

lineage commitment occurs in steps in blood cells

precursors continue to divide

they are essentially transit amplifying cells

57
Q

how are embryonic stem (ES) cells made?

A

cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst ae used to make ES cells

58
Q

what are embryonic stem (ES) cells?

A

pluripotent or totipotent cells that can be cultured indefinitely

created from inner cell mass of blastocyst or derived from unused human IVF embryos

59
Q

what do invitro differentiation protocols require?

A

knowing and administering the specific factors and culture conditions to produce different cell types

60
Q

what can aggregates of pluripotent cells form?

A

organoids

61
Q

what are organoids?

A

small organ-like structures, like and eye-like structure

formed from aggregates of pluripotent cells

may not be functional but have parts of functional cells

62
Q

how is a cell reprogrammed/cloned?

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

highly variable technique and many attempts are needed for one success

63
Q

what is required for cloning?

A

extensive epigenetic reprogramming of differentiated cells

a process that is inefficient and inexact

64
Q

what is a potential use for SCNT?

A

to make personalized “ES” cells

65
Q

where do human ESCs come from?

A

from embryos from IVF

66
Q

in what ways besides IVF can ES-like cells be obtained?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Co-transfection of a a cocktail of three or four master regulatory factors into a differentiated cell to create an iPS cell

67
Q

how can SCNT create ES-like stem cells?

A

the nucleus of a patient’s cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an ES or ES-like cell

68
Q

what is an iPS cell?

A

created when a cocktail of three or four factors are placed into a differentiated cell

the factors becomes expressed in fibroblasts

and the cells revert to an ES-like state

69
Q

what are the most commonly used regulatory factors to create iPS cells?

A

Oct¾, Sox2, Myc, Klf4

Oct¾, Sox 2, Nanog, Lin28

70
Q

why are iPS cells so useful?

A

they can be derived from an individual’s own fibroblasts with minimal invasiveness

they offer a solution to the immune rejection problem, and provide material for studying patient-specific disease mechanisms

71
Q

what diseases are within reach of cures when stem cell engineering is achieved?

A

muscular dystrophy

Parkinson’s disease

Type I diabetes

Heart Attack

Neurodegenerative diseases

Spinal cord Injury, etc.

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