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Cell Bio > Ch 20 - Cell Connectors: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer > Flashcards

Ch 20 - Cell Connectors: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells exist in the human body?

A

in tissues

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2
Q

what kind of tissue is blood considered?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

plant cell walls are…

A

rigid

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4
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix in animal tissues?

A

collagen
GAGs (glucoseaminoglycan)

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5
Q

what does collagen function in?

A

connective tissues

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6
Q

what anchors cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

integrins

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7
Q

what do polysaccharides and proteins do?

A

they fill spaces and resist compression

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8
Q

what is the function of plant cell walls?

A

to provide support

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9
Q

what do plant cell walls lack?

A

lack of intermediate filaments

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10
Q

how do plant cells make up for their lack of intermediate filaments?

A

they rely on the cell wall to resist tearing forces

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11
Q

what is the plant cell wall composed of?

A

polysaccharides (lots of sugar) [Cellulose, Pectin]

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12
Q

what is cellulose?

A

rigid secondary walls
most abundant macromolecule in the biome
type of sugar found in mature plant cell walls

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13
Q

what is pectin?

A

composes primary cell wall of growing cells
gets converted to cellulose as plant grows and matures

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14
Q

where is cellulose synthesized?

A

on the outer surface of the cell

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15
Q

what is the cellulose synthase complex?

A

it synthesizes cellulose

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16
Q

how does the cellulose synthase complex move?

A

along microtubules

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17
Q

what anchors the cellulose synthase complex intracellularly?

A

microtubules

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18
Q

what are the four main types of animal tissues?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective

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19
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

it forms boundaries

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20
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue?

A

contraction

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21
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue?

A

to send electrochemical signals to transmit info

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22
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

form the ECM

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23
Q

how many types of collagen do mammalian cells contain?

A

over 20

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24
Q

what is the function of collagen?

A

to resist stretching

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25
Q

what is collagen?

A

large component of connective tissue
resist stretching

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26
Q

what is the structure of collagen?

A

rope-like
similar to intermediate filaments

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27
Q

how is collagen formed?

A
  • *collagen molecules** self assemble to form a collagen fibril (a trimer)
  • *collagen fibrils** group up to form collagen fibers
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28
Q

what is procollagen?

A

procollagen forms before collagen

self-assembles into collagen fibrils

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29
Q

what is the purpose of procollagen?

A

it prevents self-assembly of abundance of collagen fibers so the cell doesn’t fill with collagen

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30
Q

what is the process of procollagen to collagen fiber?

A

procollagen enters a secretory vesicle and is transported out of cell

the terminal procollagen extensions get cleaved off by procollagen proteinases to form collagen molecule

collagen molecule self-assembles into fibril

fibril assembles into fiber

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31
Q

how is a collagen molecule formed?

A

when the procollagen proteinases cleave the terminal extensions from the procollagen

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32
Q

what is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

genetic defect in collagen or procollagen proteinases

increases stretchiness of skin

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33
Q

what does collagen organization depend on?

A

the tissue it’s in

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34
Q

how is collagen organized in tendons?

A

parallel sheets

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35
Q

how is collagen organized in skin?

A

wicker-like pattern

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36
Q

why is the organization of collagen different in tendons and skin?

A

tendons only receive tension from one direction

skin can receive tension from multiple directions

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37
Q

what do fibroblasts do?

A

organize the fibers they secrete

bind

secrete matrix (with procollagen)

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38
Q

what causes stretch marks and wrinkles?

A

constant force and pushing on collagen causing it to break down or tear overtime

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39
Q

what does fibronectin do?

A

it binds to collagen fibers and the extracellular portion of integrin

changes confirmation of integrin protein

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40
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

an extracellular protein that binds collagen and integrin

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41
Q

what are integrins?

A

heterodimer transmembrane proteins that anchor cells to ECM

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42
Q

what binds to integrin extracellularly?

A

fibronectin

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43
Q

what binds integrins intracellularly?

A

actin or cytoskeletal elements

44
Q

what does activation of integrin cause?

A

conformational change of integrin allowing it to bind to fibronectin and anchor collagen fibril to plasma membrane

45
Q

what causes activation of integrin?

A

binding to ECM

46
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

sugar type molecule present in ECM of certain elements like collagen that forms negatively charges chains of disaccharides

47
Q

what do GAGs do?

A

resist compression

form chains

link to core proteins

48
Q

what kind of chains do GAGs form?

A

hydrophilic negatively charged chains of repeating disaccharides that attract H2O

49
Q

what to GAGs link to?

A

proteoglycans (core proteins)

50
Q

what do proteoglycans form?

A

large aggregates

51
Q

what are the functions of ECM molecules?

A

guide cell migration

influence cellular function

52
Q

what are epithelial sheets?

A

multicellular sheets that form boundaries

53
Q

what is the structure of epithelial sheets?

A

polarized (distinct top (apical) and bottom (basal))

anchored to basement membrane

54
Q

what holds epithelia together?

A

junctions

55
Q

what is the function of epithelia?

A

form boundaries

secretion

absorption

56
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A

basement membrane

where cells anchor to connective tissue

57
Q

what are epithelial anchored to?

A

basal lamina

58
Q

how do you determine the type of epithelial sheet?

A
  1. How many layers?
  2. what shape are the cells?
59
Q

what is a simple epithelial sheet?

A

it has one layer

60
Q

what is a stratified epithelial sheet?

A

it has multiple layers

61
Q

what is a columnar epithelial sheet?

A

rectangular cell

oval nucleus

62
Q

what is a cuboidal epithelial sheet?

A

square/cube shaped cell

round nucleus

63
Q

what is a squamous epithelial sheet?

A

flat/squished cell

flat nucleus

64
Q

which surface of the epithelial sheet is free?

A

apical

65
Q

which surface of the epithelial sheet is anchored?

A

basal lamina

connective tissue

66
Q

what is primarily found in the basal lamina?

A

Type IV collagen

laminin

67
Q

what are apical modifications a cell might have?

A

microvilli

cilia

68
Q

what is cilia?

A

hair-like structures found on the apical surface of a cell

line the intestinal tract

69
Q

what are microvilli?

A

___ structures found on the apical surface of epithelial sheets

70
Q

what are some types of polarization a cell can have?

A

apical modifications

different cell types in a single tissue

71
Q

what is an example of a single tissue with multiple cell types?

A

gut lumen

  • absorptive cells (microvilli)
  • goblet cells (secrete mucous)
72
Q

what are the three types of cell junctions?

A

tight junctions

anchoring junctions

gap junctions

73
Q

what is the function of tight junctions?

A

form water tight boundaries between cells

stitch plasma membranes together

74
Q

what is the function of anchoring junctions?

A

anchor cells to cytoskeletal elements (other cells) and ECM

75
Q

what is the function of gap junctions?

A

allow for intracellular communications

76
Q

what is the importance of cell junctions?

A

they are crucial for maintenance of epithelial sheets and formation of boundaries

77
Q

what proteins form tight junctions?

A

occludins

claudins

78
Q

what anchoring junctions anchor cells to cells?

A

adherens junctions

desmosomes

79
Q

what helps anchoring junctions anchor cells to basal lamina?

A

hemidesmosomes

80
Q

what binds anchoring junctions intracellularly?

A

actin

81
Q

what do adherens junctions and desmosomes utilize to form cell junctions?

A

cadherins

82
Q

what are adherens junctions bound to intracellularly?

A

actin

83
Q

what do cadherins do?

A

bind to each other

84
Q

what type of bonding do cadherins use?

A

homotypic bonding

85
Q

what does cadherin binding require?

A

calcium

86
Q

what do bundles of adherens junctions do?

A

contract

aid in embryonic development

87
Q

what do adherens junctions do during embryonic development?

A

aid in neural tube and eye cup formation

88
Q

what happens if the neural tube fails to bind during embryonic development?

A

it causes spina bifida

89
Q

what is the purpose of taking folic acid during pregnancy?

A

it can help close the neural tube and prevent spina bifida

90
Q

what do desmosomes provide?

A

tensile strength

91
Q

what do desmosomes anchor to intracellulary?

A

keratin filaments

92
Q

what do adherens junctions and desmosomes anchor to intracellularly?

A

cytoskeletal elements (actin and intermediate filaments [specifically keratin])

93
Q

what is a hemidesmosome?

A

junctions between cells and basal lamina

94
Q

what do hemidesmosomes use to form junctions?

A

integrins

95
Q

what do hemidesmosomes anchor to intracellularly?

A

keratin filaments

96
Q

what do hemidesmosomes anchor to extracellularly?

A

basal lamina

97
Q

what are focal adhesions?

A

junctions between cells and connective tissue

98
Q

what are focal adhesions important to?

A

cellular migration

99
Q

what do focal adhesions use to form junctions?

A

integrins

100
Q

what do focal adhesions bind to intracellularly?

A

actin

101
Q

what do focal adhesions bind to extracellularly?

A

connective tissue

102
Q

what forms gap junctions?

A

connexons

103
Q

what do gap junctions allow the passage of?

A

inorganic ions

water-soluble molecules

104
Q

how do gap junctions work?

A

they open and close in response to various signals

105
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

A

plant cell version of gap junctions

allows communication between cells

106
Q

what are the three types of GAGs?

A

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

hyaluronan

Cell Bio (9 decks)

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