Mosier Test 1 Flashcards
The blood Brain barrier is created by?
Astrocytes
The blood brain barrier allows passage of?
Small lipophilic molecules such as Scopalamine. Prevents passage of large charged molecules, such as glycopyrolate
Myelin is produced by? Where?
Schwann cells.
In the PNS
MS is a demyelinating disease in the PNS or CNS
CNS. Slows conduction among the demyelinated nerves
What are the three main components of the CNS
Blood- 5-10%
Brain
CSF 10-15%
Afferent impulses travel where?
Toward the brain
Efferent impulses travel where?
Away from the brain
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Processing center for sensory information
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Is the Captain of the autonomic nervous system
Brainstem controls?
Respiration and cardiovascular function
What are the different Meninges layers?
Pia Mater- Adheres to the brain
Arachnoid Mater- middle layer and contains CSF
Dura Mater- outer layer- 2 layers- form the venous sinuses.
Where is an epidural Hematoma located and what kind of bleed?
Between the skull and dura mater. Primarily arterial bleed - Meningeal
Where is a Subdural Hematoma and what kind of bleed?
Between the dura and subarachnoid space. Venous bleed- bridging veins
Where is a subarachnoid Hematoma and what kind of bleed?
between subarachnoid membrane and Pia mater. Aneurysm.
Where is cerebral spinal fluid created? What is its function? Absorbed where?
Choroid Plexus
Surrounds and cushion the CNS.
Absorbed via venous sinuses
Cranial Nerve 7. What is it and what does it innervate? When is it monitored most (Surgery)
Facial Nerve
Innervates muscles of expression, Obicularis Occuli,
Parotid Surgery
Cranial Nerve 9? What is it and what does it innervate?
Glossopharyngeal. Innervates Baroreceptors of the Carotid Sinus and posterior oral mucosa (gag reflex) and some of the muscles of the pharynx (swallowing)
What is Cranial Nerve 10? What does stimulation of the cardiac branches of the Vagus nerve cause? What does stimulation of the pulmonary branches of the Vagal nerve cause?
Vagus Nerve.
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Superior Laryngeal Nerve is a branch of what? what does it innervate and what are the symptoms if it is damaged?
Branch of the Vagus nerve.
Innervates the Cricothyroid muscle.
Can be damaged during thyroid surgery.
Results in abnormal voice
The Crycothyroid muscle is the only __________ muscle
adductor
The RLN is a branch of what? What does it innervate? What can B/l RLN damage cause.
branch of the Vagus nerve.
Innervates the abductor muscles of the vocal cords.
B/L damage of the RLN can cause an airway emergency.
Can also be damaged during thyroid surgery
Oligodendocytes produce the myelin sheath around the axons in what?
CNS
The Nuerolemma does what?
Allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS
What are Glioblastomas?
Very aggressive tumors neuroglia in the CNS
What does damage to the frontal lobe of the brain cause?
Behavioral changes
The occipital lobe is considered the _________ center of the brain.
Visual
The Cerebellum is responsible for ________ and ________ motor control
coordination; fine
Arterial supply of the brain comes from the __________ and _________ arteries
b/l Carotid and Vertebral arteries
The carotid and vertebral arteries feed into the _________ ___ ______
Circle of Willis
The carotid arteries branch to form the _________ and __________ arteries
middle and anterior cerebral arteries
Right carotid artery arises from the __________ artery. Both vertebral arteries arise from the __________artery
innominate; subclavian
Solid spinal chord ends at the _________ __________ around the level of ________ in adults. Conus Medularis is tethered to the coccyx by the _________ _________
Conus Medularis; L1/L2;Filum Terminale
Cauda Equina consists of the spinal nerve pairs from _______, the _______ nerve ,and the _________ nerve
L2-L5; sacral; coccygeal
The conus medularis does not remain at the the level of L1-L2 from the first trimester of life throughout adulthood. It stay down in the ________ in early life
Sacrum
Internueron cell bodies are located in the ________ ______ of the Spine and connect the _________ and ________ neurons and are responsible for _________ movements to stimuli
Dorsal Horn; sensory and motor; reflex
The ventral roots are the ________ fibers, while the dorsal roots _________ fibers
motor; sensory
Cervical Spinal Nerves 1-7 exit from ________ there respected vertebral bodies. Cervical spinal nerve 8 exits from _______ c-7. The remaining spinal nerves emerge from the spinal chord _______ the same number vertebral body
above; below; below
Dermatones Levels
T6
T4
T10
T6 Level of the Xyphoid process
T4 Level of the Nipples
T10 Level of the Belly Button
The Phrenic Nerve is located at C_ through C_ and is the sole ________ supply of the diaphragm. B/l Phrenic nerve injury will lead to _________ failure. Phrenic nerve is frequently blocked during an ___________ block.
C3 thru C5; motor; respiratory; interscalene
The anterior spinal artery arises from the _________ arteries and extends to the _________ __________
vertebral; conus medularis
Posterior spinal artery arises from the _________ arteries and extends to the _________ _________
vertebral; conus medularis
Brachial Plexus injuries can arise from improper placement of the _____
arms.
The _______ nerve can be damaged from improper positions of the arm. _________ arms must have ________ hands
ulner; abducted; supinated
________ ________ nerve can be damaged from improper positioning of the leg during surgery.
Common Peroneal
The _________ nerve provides sensory innervation to the __________ thigh and provides ________ innervation to the _________ muscles
femoral; anterior; quadriceps
Motor Innervation to the leg below the knee is provided by the _________ nerve
Sciatic
The _________ spinal tract carries sensory impulses to the brain and have _________ order neurons that originate in the periphery and terminate in the spinal chord. Second order neurons will ________ in the spinal chord and terminate in the __________. Third order ________ in the thalamus to the _________ ______
Ascending; first; ascend, thalamus; ascend; cerebral cortex
Descending spinal tracts carry sensory information ______ from the brain. Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal chord and Have _______ motor neuron that originate in the _______ ______ and terminate in the lower ______ _______ ______
away; Spinal Chord; Neuro motor junction
Baroreceptors are a type of ________ receptor
Nocioceptors detect ________ and ________ to tissue and are _________ or _________.
Mechanical
Pain and damage to tissue
Physical or chemical
