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Registry Study > Mosby's Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Mosby's Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of benign tumors:

A 
encapsulated
rarely fatal
little effect on the host
differentiated
slow growth
low mitotic activity
little tissue destruction
abnormal proliferation of cells
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2
Q

Characteristics og malignant tumors:

A 
unencapsulated
potentially fatal
substantial effect on the host
differentiated-undifferentiated
rapid growth
high mitotic activity
potentially metastatic
invasive and destructive to tissue
abnormal proliferation of cells
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3
Q

Cancer screening recommendations for men:

A 
colonoscopy beginning at age 50
fecal occult blood test at age 50
manual testicular exam beginning at late adolescence
digital rectal exam beginning at age 45
PSA beginning at age 50
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4
Q

Cancer screening recommendations for women:

A

manual breast exam beginning at late adolescence
pelvic exam and Pap smear beginning at time of sexual activity
mammogram, baseline at age 40
colonoscopy beginning at age 50
fecal occult blood test at age 50

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5
Q

What is curettage/exfoliation?

A

Biopsy - scraping of cells

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6
Q

Explain excisional biopsy:

A

complete removal of suspicious tissue

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7
Q

Incisional biopsy:

A

cutting into and taking a portion of suspicious tissue

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8
Q

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

A

use of needle and syringe to draw out fluid from suspicious tissue

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9
Q

core biopsy:

A

use of a large bore needle to withdraw a section of tissue

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10
Q

sputum cytology:

A

sampling of sputum

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11
Q

washing or irrigation:

A

introduction of saline into a cavity and analysis of returned solution containing cells

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12
Q

open biopsy:

A

surgical procedure exposing area of suspicious tissue for the visual investigation of the local area

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13
Q

Where does a glioma malignancy originate?

A

In the glial tissue

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14
Q

What part of the body are glial tissue from?

A

They are cells of the nervous system

can be referred to as Schwann cells

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15
Q

What are antiemetics used for?

A

management of nausea and vomiting

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16
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

Hormonal agent

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17
Q

Describe myeloma

A

abnormal proliferation occurring in the bone marrow

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18
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor of glandular epithelium

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19
Q

leukemia

A

abnormal proliferation occurring in the bone marrow, especially the white blood cells

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20
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor occurring in bone

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21
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor occurring in striated muscle

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22
Q

glioma

A

malignant tumor originating in the central nervous system

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23
Q

Phase-specific Cytotoxic drugs

A
  • effective on dividing cells
  • one such class would be antimetabolites
  • examples: 5-FU, cytarabine, floxuridine, 6-mercaptopurine
  • toxicities include: myelosuppression, anorexia, nausea
24
Q

Phase-non-specific cytotoxic drugs

A
  • effective on non-dividing cells
  • one class would be alkylating agents
  • examples: nitrogen mustard, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide
  • toxicities include: myelosuppression, kidney toxicity, nausea, anorexia, neurotoxicity
25
Q

What is myelosuppression?

A

A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

26
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in the number of cells and is associated w both malignant and benign tumors. typically a response to an acute injury

27
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

the replacement of a cell type that usually is not present and is commonly associated w malignant conditions

28
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

the loss of differentiation and is also associated w both malignant and benign conditions

29
Q

Which cytotoxic drug may cause cardiac toxicity?

A

adriamycin aka doxorubicin.

30
Q

The method used to establish definite malignancy is:

A

Histopathologic Study

31
Q

A cancerous tumor of glandular tissue would be called an:

A

adenocarcinoma

Aden is the prefix for gland

32
Q

A malignant tumor of striated muscle would be called:

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

rhabdo - striated
myo - muscle
sarcoma - base term for connective tissue

33
Q

What is the most common side effect associated with cytotoxic drugs?

A

myelosuppression

34
Q

Evaluation of the degree of cellular differentiation of a tumor is:

A

the grade

35
Q

According to bergonie and tribondeau, factors that may influence the sensitivity of a group of cells to ionizing radiation are:

  1. mitotic activity
  2. time of cell division
  3. cellular differentiation
  4. length of mitotic activity
A

1, 3, 4

36
Q

Cancer management modalities such as radiation and chemotherapy work by interfering with or modifying DNA synthesis. This synthesis occurs in the ____ phase of cell division.

A

S phase

37
Q

When does DNA synthesis occur?

A

S phase

38
Q

one unique characteristic of substitute ureas is:

A

they can cross the blood brain barrier

39
Q

A tumor marker for the detection of germ cell tumors is:

A

Beta HCG

also, AFP

40
Q

Where do germ cells usually occur?

A

gonads - ovary or testis. They are growths that form from reproductive cells - cells that form into sperm or eggs

41
Q

prostatectomy

A

removal of the prostate gland

42
Q

radical mastectomy

A

removal of the breast and underlying muscle

43
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

removal of the breast while sparing underlying muscle

44
Q

exenteration

A

total removal of multiple organs in a body cavity

example: orbital exenteration removes the entire globe of the orbit, pelvic exenteration removes all pelvic organs like the bladder, uterus, and rectum

45
Q

If the administration of cytoxic drugs poisons both malignant and healthy cells, how are we able to continue using this modality to treat cancer and return the cancer patient to a healthy status?

A

both clinical and lab testing have led to optimal chemotherapy administration delivery methods. some methods require successive doses with static breaks. dosages have been refined to allow normal tissue repair. Each successive dose of drug cause a fraction of cell kill, time between doses gives normal tissue time to repair. normal cells can more readily repair than abnormal cells. cell survival curves are similar in chemotherapy to cell survival curves in radiation therapy.

46
Q

Systemic chemotherapy and local radiation similarly rely on adequate vascular supply. what is the significance of vasculature and the effectiveness of both therapy modalities?

A

good vasculature is necessary for the ditribution of chemotherapy drug to the tumor and throughout the tumor’s lattice or cells. The effect of radiation is enhanced w the presence of oxygen. vasculature assures sufficient delivery of oxygen to the tumor,

47
Q

What is vasculature?

A

The arrangement of blood vessels in the body, or within an organ.

48
Q

We generally report survival rates in 5-year increments. breast cancer survival rates are reported at a different time interval. What is the time interval?explain why this is appropriate.

A

survival for breast cancer is usually at 10 to 20 year increments. such tremendous progress in managing breast cancers has led to patients living longer without a recurrence of disease.

49
Q

treatments may fail due to:

A
  • noncompliance of patients to prescribed regimens
  • overdosing or underusing (chemo and rad)
  • geometric miss of the tumor from technical errors
  • unexplained resistance of cancer to chemo and/or rad
  • late diagnosis
  • misdiagnosis
50
Q

How are certain cytotoxic drugs that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier still used to manage CNS malignancies?

A

Local chemotherapy by direct injection.

51
Q

What is the youngest cancer treatment modality?

A

chemotherapy

52
Q

the following is true regarding excision biopsy:

a. involves removal of a portion of the tumor
b. generally appropriate for cure in relatively small portions
c. provides a definitive diagnosis
d. a, c
e. a, b, c

A

d. a, c

53
Q

possible routes for cytotoxic drug administration are:

A

intravenous, topical, enteral

54
Q

What is enteral?

A

by mouth

55
Q

The ____ of a tumor is an evaluation of the degree of differentiation:

A

grade

Registry Study (4 decks)

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