morphology Flashcards
are all angiosperms characterised by presence of roots,
stems, leaves, flowers and fruits?
YES
direct elongation (of what ) forms primary root where?
radicle, dicot plants majority
The primary roots and its branches constitute the?
tap root system
tap root system eg?
mustard
primary root short lived in?
monocots
primary root replacement in monocots? origin?
large no of roots, from base of stem,
monocots root system and eg?
fibrous, wheat
roots arise
from parts of the plant other than the
radicle c/a?
adventitious roots
adventitious roots eg?
grass,
Monstera and the banyan tree
fxn of root
absorption, anchorage, storage, synthesis of
plant growth regulators
in diag which is fruit?
pink leaf like
root cap location?
apex
above root cap? at what dist?
region of meristematic activity, few mm above
cell of meristematic activity?
very small,
thin-walled and with dense protoplasm. They
divide repeatedly
region of elongation cells?
proximal to region of meristematic activity, rapid elongation and
enlargement and are responsible for the growth
of the root in length (not breadth)
fate of cells of elongation zone?
all cells gradually differentiate and mature
region of maturation?
proximal to region of elongation
root hairs present in which region? composed of which cells?
region of maturation, epidermal cells ( some not all)
fxn of root hair
absorb water and
minerals from the soil
root cap str?
thimble like
main fxns which do need need modification in roots
absorption, conduction of water and minerals
roots for storage? tap? adventitious?
get swollen, tap- carrot n turnip
adv- sweet potato
asparagus also
hanging str for support?
prop roots in banyan tree
stilt roots present in?
arise from?
role?
stems of maize n sugarcane
lower nodes of stem
support
pneumatophores present in?
arise from?
role?
rhizophora
from ground and grow vertically upward
get O2 for respiration
region of stem where leaves are born?
nodes
stem buds type?
may be terminal or axillary
main fxn of stem?
spreading out branches
only leaves perform photosynthesis?
no, stem does too
underground stem eg and their modif?
potato
ginger
turmeric
zaminkand
colocasia
store food, organs of perrenation
axillary bud 2 modif?
stem tendrils and thorns
stem tendrils str?
role?
eg?
slender, spirally coiled
climb
gourds ( cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon) and grapevines
thorns str?
role?
eg?
woody, straight, pointed
protection
citrus, bougainvillea ( big leaf with small thorn in side)
modif in arid region?
role?
flatenned- opuntia
fleshy-euphorbia
photosynthesis
euphorbia shape?
cylindrical
another underground stem modif?
grass, strawberry
these stems spread to new niches when older parts die new plants are formed
mint and jasmine modif?
slender lateral branch arises from base of stem grows aerially then arch downward to touch ground
aquatic plants modif?
eg?
lateral branch, short internodes, each node bearing rosette of leaves and tuft of roots
pistia, eichhornia, oxalis (diag)
banana etc modif?
in banana, pineapple, chrysanthemum
lateral branches originate from basal n underground portion of main stem then grows hoeizontally underground then comes out upward with leafy shoots
how many modif involves lateral branches?
mint, jasmine
pistia, eichhornia, oxalis
banana, pineapple, chrysanthemum
how many modif involve underground stem?
grass, strawberry
p, g, t, z, c
leaf has bud in?
axil
axillary bud fate?
develops into branch
leaves origin?
arrangement?
SAM
acropetal ( old neeche young upar)
leaf attached to stem by?
additional str there?
is it compulsory?
leaf base
stipules- 2 lateral small leaf like str
no
where leaf base expands into into what?
in monocots
exapnds into a sheath , covers stem partially or wholly
modif of leaf base in leguminous plants?
swollen, c/a pulvinus
petiole fxn?
holds blade to light, flutter
reticulate venation arrangement and eg?
network, dicots generally not always
parallel venation arrangement and eg?
ofc run parallel, most monocots not all
simple leaf?
lamina is entire or incisions do not touch midrib
compound laef?
incisions reach the midrib and divide into no. of leaflets
bud present in which leaf?
where?
where not?
both simple n compound
axil of petiole
axil of leaflets of compund
pinnately str?
eg?
leaflets on common axis
neem
midrib name in one of compound leaves?
RACHIS, pinnately
palmately?
leaflets at common point i.e tip of petiole
silk cotton
phyllotaxy is?
pattern of arrangement of leaves on stem/branch
alternate phyllotaxy?
eg?
single leaf at each alternate node
mustard, chinarose, sunflower ( im doing MSC in alternate phyllotaxy)
opposite phyllotaxy?
eg?
pair of leaves at each node opp to each other
guava, calotropis
whorled phyllotaxy?
more than 2 leaves at a node
alstonia
leaf modif?
tendrils fxn n eg?
spines fxn n eg?
tendrils- climbing in peas
spines- defense in cactus
leaves store food in ? how are these?
fleshy leaves in onion and garlic
australian acacia modif?
leaves are short lived n small
petioles- expand, become green n synthesize food
petioles perform photosynthesis in?
austrailian acacia
leaves of all insectivorous plants are modified?
no, certain ones like pitcher, venus flytrap
flower is a modified ?
shoot
flower grows form SAM?
no, the sam changes to floral meristem
changes in internode and axis while flowering?
internodes do not elongate
axis gets condensed
what produces floral appendages?
floral appendages are same?
location of floral appendages?
apex
no, theyre of diff kinds
laterally at successive nodes instead of leaves
when shoot tip transforms into a flower it may be of different inflorescences?
no, it is always solitary
what is inflorescence?
arrangement of flowers on floral axis
racemose define and tell families?
main axis continues to grow, flpwers born laterally in acropetal order
families- brassicaceae , fabaceae
cymose define n families?
main axis terminates into a flower, growth limited, flowers basipetal order
families- solanaceae, liliaceae
where are the whorls of flower arranged?
thalamus/receptcle which is the swollen end of stalk or pedicel
which organs are the 4 whorls?
calyx n corolla are accessory
andro n gynocium are reproductive
what is perianth? eg?
when calyx n corolla are not distinct
lily
lily means whole liliaceae family also monocots
represented as P(3+3) , if floral formula is asked or given then we can find liliaceae family by looking at this
sexuality?
rem by
HMB- hermaphrodite, monoecious, bisexual
DU- diecious, unisexual
actinomorphic symmetry?eg?
radial sym
MCD ( mustard , datura, chilli )
family- BSL
zygomorphic? eg?
both horizontal n vertical plane?
bilateral sym
no, only 1 part, VERTICAL plane
PeGuBeCa i.e pea, gulmohar, bean, cassia
family- F ( ofc since pea n bean are there)
asymmetric? eg?
cant be broken in any 2 halves by any VERTICAL plane
Canna
what do we check for tri, tetra or pentamerous?
floral appendages multiple
bracteate?
if bracts reduced leaves found at base of pedicel
how are flowers described as ……gynous?
based on the position of calyx, corolla and androcium wrt ovary ON thalamus
rem all 3 are there and judge wrt to position of these 3 not ovary
hypogynous? eg?
hypo se rem the 3 parts are below nd gynocium is highest hence ovary is superior ofc
MCB mustard china rose brinjal
if family- all family
tell MSC, MCD, MCB
mustard, sunflower, china rose- alternate phyllotaxy
mustard, chilli, datura- actinomorphic
mustard, china rose, brinjal- hypogynous
perigynous? eg?
when 3 parts nd ovary are at same level sp basically located
gynocium at centre and other parts on rim of thalamus
ovary is half INFERIOR ( they could say half superior which is wrong?
RPP ( rose, plum , peach)
epigynous? eg?
opp of hypo margin of thalamus grows upward encloses the ovary COMPLETELY and fuses , other parts above ovary
ovary is inferior
Cu Gu Su ( cucumber, guava, sunflower ki ray florets)
outermost whorls and its members c/a?
calyx, sepals
describe sepals?
role?
green, leaf like
protect the flower in bud stage ( they might say photosynthesis since its green but its not correct)
calyx types?
gamosepalous ( united )
polysepalous ( free )
aestivation?
arrangement of petals or sepals wrt other members of same whorl
its not like arrangement of sepals wrt petals or vice versa
valvate? eg?
just touch one another at margin w/o overlapping
eg calotropis
twisted?
overlaps but equally
CCL china rose, cotton, lady finger
imbricate
overlaps but unequally
CaGul cassia, gulmohar
vexillary? eg? also c/a?
largest standard overlaps 2 petals wings which in turn overlap 2 smallest anterior petal keel
pea, bean, fabaceae family
c/a papilionaceous
keel are ant or post?
ANTERIOR
vexillary is aestivation of which appendage
petals since only that is mentioned if came choose that
how many lobes, pollen sacs are there in each anther?
2 lobes, 4 pollen sacs
when stamens attached to petals? eg?
epipetalous , brinjal
when stamens attached to perianth?
epiphyllous, lily ofc
free stamens?
polyandrous
gamoandrous stamens, 1 , 2 more than 2 bundles?
monoadelphous- china rose
diadelphous- pea
polyadelphous- citrus ( rem by polyembryony)
variation in length of what in some stamens? eg?
filament , salvia mustard
not variation in stamen, in anther, in androcium its filament
min no of carpels in gynoecium?
1, made up of 1 or more carpels
apocarpous eg?
lotus, rose, michelia
syncarpous eg?
mustard, tomato, papaver
placentation?
arrangement of ovules within the ovary
marginal placentation? eg?
placenta forms a ridge along ventral suture of ovary
ovules born on this ridge forming 2 rows not a single row
pea rem by margin pe matar rehte h
axile placentation? eg?
ovules attached in multilocular ovary
TLC (tomato, lemon, china rose)
rem ki ovules beech mei h ovary multilocular h
parietal placentation? eg?
ovules have 2 options 1. on inner wall of ovary
2. on peripheral part
ovary is 1 chambered but becomes 2 chambered due to formation of a false septum
argemone, mustard
free central?
ovules born on central axis n septa are absent
eg. dianthus, primrose
basal placentation?
placenta develops at base of ovary, single ovule is attached to it
sunflower, marigold
in which placentation single ovule present?
basal
is fruit a characterstic feature of flowering plants?
YES
all pericarps are differentiated into 2 layers?
no, only thick nd fleshy pericarps are differenciated into 3 layers
wht is drupe?
the fruit in mango nd coconut rem its fruit not ovary,pericarp etc
drupes originate from?
the flower of drupe is?
how many seeds in drupe?
monocarpellary superious ovary
hypogynous
one seeded
how is mesocarp in mango nd coconut?
in mango it is edible, in coconut its is fibrous
wheat, gram, pea, maize which of them have scutellum?
wheat nd maize
the 2 layers of seed coat?
outer testa, inner tegmen
where is micropyle located wrt hilum?
above the hilum but in diag of seed hilum is above nd micropyle is below
endospermic nd non endospermic eg?
castor, monocots
bean gram pea i.e dicots, orchid (monocot)
in seeds of cereals like maize whats unique?
seed coat is membranous nd fused with the fruit wall
in monocots embryo is?
embryonal axis is?
small, short
order of plant description?
- habit, veg characters
- floral characters
3.floral diag nd formula
brassicaceae family floral diag?
actinomorphic i.e +
superior ovary i.e G above line hypogynous
bisexual
tetramerous K nd C are 4
fabaceae family also c/a?
subfamily of leguminosae
papilionoideae
papilionoidae not fabaceae
fabacea family floral diag?
zygomorphic i.e % bisexual vexillary aestivation
which is a large family?
solanaceae
widely distributed family?
solanaceae
stem in solanum tuberosum?
underground
floral diag of solanaceae
actinomorphic bisexual epipetalous i.e androcium fused with corolla C nd A fused hypogynous
identify by axile placentation
solanaceae eg?
chilli
medi- belladona, ashwagandha
tobacco
petunia
diag of solanum nigrum i.e makoi
fabaceae eg
pulses- bean, gram moomg, sem, arhar, soyabean
oil- soyabean, groundnut
fodder- sesbania, trifolium
indigofera
ornamental- lupin, sweet pea
medicine - mulaithi
sunhemp
liliaceae charactersitc of what plants?
monocots
liliaceae distributed?
worldwide
liliaceae underground?
bulbs/corms/rhizomes
liliaceae inflorescence?
umbellate clusturs
solanaceae seeds?
endospermous
liliaceae floral diag?
bracteate Br, actinomorphic, bisexual, perianth i.e P and A fused hypogynous
identify floral diag by fusion
liliaceae eg?
allium cepa- onion , asparagus
ornamental- tulip, gloriosa
med- aloe
colchicine- colchicum autumnale
