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BOTANY > morphology > Flashcards

morphology Flashcards

1
Q

are all angiosperms characterised by presence of roots,
stems, leaves, flowers and fruits?

A

YES

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2
Q

direct elongation (of what ) forms primary root where?

A

radicle, dicot plants majority

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3
Q

The primary roots and its branches constitute the?

A

tap root system

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4
Q

tap root system eg?

A

mustard

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5
Q

primary root short lived in?

A

monocots

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6
Q

primary root replacement in monocots? origin?

A

large no of roots, from base of stem,

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7
Q

monocots root system and eg?

A

fibrous, wheat

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8
Q

roots arise
from parts of the plant other than the
radicle c/a?

A

adventitious roots

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9
Q

adventitious roots eg?

A

grass,
Monstera and the banyan tree

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10
Q

fxn of root

A

absorption, anchorage, storage, synthesis of
plant growth regulators

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11
Q

in diag which is fruit?

A

pink leaf like

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12
Q

root cap location?

A

apex

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13
Q

above root cap? at what dist?

A

region of meristematic activity, few mm above

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14
Q

cell of meristematic activity?

A

very small,
thin-walled and with dense protoplasm. They
divide repeatedly

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15
Q

region of elongation cells?

A

proximal to region of meristematic activity, rapid elongation and
enlargement and are responsible for the growth
of the root in length (not breadth)

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16
Q

fate of cells of elongation zone?

A

all cells gradually differentiate and mature

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17
Q

region of maturation?

A

proximal to region of elongation

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18
Q

root hairs present in which region? composed of which cells?

A

region of maturation, epidermal cells ( some not all)

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19
Q

fxn of root hair

A

absorb water and
minerals from the soil

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20
Q

root cap str?

A

thimble like

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21
Q

main fxns which do need need modification in roots

A

absorption, conduction of water and minerals

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22
Q

roots for storage? tap? adventitious?

A

get swollen, tap- carrot n turnip
adv- sweet potato
asparagus also

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23
Q

hanging str for support?

A

prop roots in banyan tree

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24
Q

stilt roots present in?
arise from?
role?

A

stems of maize n sugarcane
lower nodes of stem
support

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25
Q

pneumatophores present in?
arise from?
role?

A

rhizophora
from ground and grow vertically upward
get O2 for respiration

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26
Q

region of stem where leaves are born?

A

nodes

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27
Q

stem buds type?

A

may be terminal or axillary

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28
Q

main fxn of stem?

A

spreading out branches

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29
Q

only leaves perform photosynthesis?

A

no, stem does too

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30
Q

underground stem eg and their modif?

A

potato
ginger
turmeric
zaminkand
colocasia

store food, organs of perrenation

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31
Q

axillary bud 2 modif?

A

stem tendrils and thorns

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32
Q

stem tendrils str?
role?
eg?

A

slender, spirally coiled
climb
gourds ( cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon) and grapevines

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33
Q

thorns str?
role?
eg?

A

woody, straight, pointed
protection
citrus, bougainvillea ( big leaf with small thorn in side)

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34
Q

modif in arid region?
role?

A

flatenned- opuntia
fleshy-euphorbia
photosynthesis

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35
Q

euphorbia shape?

A

cylindrical

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36
Q

another underground stem modif?

A

grass, strawberry
these stems spread to new niches when older parts die new plants are formed

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37
Q

mint and jasmine modif?

A

slender lateral branch arises from base of stem grows aerially then arch downward to touch ground

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38
Q

aquatic plants modif?
eg?

A

lateral branch, short internodes, each node bearing rosette of leaves and tuft of roots
pistia, eichhornia, oxalis (diag)

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39
Q

banana etc modif?

A

in banana, pineapple, chrysanthemum
lateral branches originate from basal n underground portion of main stem then grows hoeizontally underground then comes out upward with leafy shoots

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40
Q

how many modif involves lateral branches?

A

mint, jasmine
pistia, eichhornia, oxalis
banana, pineapple, chrysanthemum

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41
Q

how many modif involve underground stem?

A

grass, strawberry
p, g, t, z, c

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42
Q

leaf has bud in?

A

axil

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43
Q

axillary bud fate?

A

develops into branch

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44
Q

leaves origin?
arrangement?

A

SAM
acropetal ( old neeche young upar)

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45
Q

leaf attached to stem by?
additional str there?
is it compulsory?

A

leaf base
stipules- 2 lateral small leaf like str
no

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46
Q

where leaf base expands into into what?

A

in monocots
exapnds into a sheath , covers stem partially or wholly

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47
Q

modif of leaf base in leguminous plants?

A

swollen, c/a pulvinus

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48
Q

petiole fxn?

A

holds blade to light, flutter

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49
Q

reticulate venation arrangement and eg?

A

network, dicots generally not always

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50
Q

parallel venation arrangement and eg?

A

ofc run parallel, most monocots not all

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51
Q

simple leaf?

A

lamina is entire or incisions do not touch midrib

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52
Q

compound laef?

A

incisions reach the midrib and divide into no. of leaflets

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53
Q

bud present in which leaf?
where?
where not?

A

both simple n compound
axil of petiole
axil of leaflets of compund

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54
Q

pinnately str?
eg?

A

leaflets on common axis
neem

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55
Q

midrib name in one of compound leaves?

A

RACHIS, pinnately

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56
Q

palmately?

A

leaflets at common point i.e tip of petiole
silk cotton

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57
Q

phyllotaxy is?

A

pattern of arrangement of leaves on stem/branch

58
Q

alternate phyllotaxy?
eg?

A

single leaf at each alternate node

mustard, chinarose, sunflower ( im doing MSC in alternate phyllotaxy)

59
Q

opposite phyllotaxy?
eg?

A

pair of leaves at each node opp to each other

guava, calotropis

60
Q

whorled phyllotaxy?

A

more than 2 leaves at a node

alstonia

61
Q

leaf modif?
tendrils fxn n eg?
spines fxn n eg?

A

tendrils- climbing in peas

spines- defense in cactus

62
Q

leaves store food in ? how are these?

A

fleshy leaves in onion and garlic

63
Q

australian acacia modif?

A

leaves are short lived n small
petioles- expand, become green n synthesize food

64
Q

petioles perform photosynthesis in?

A

austrailian acacia

65
Q

leaves of all insectivorous plants are modified?

A

no, certain ones like pitcher, venus flytrap

66
Q

flower is a modified ?

A

shoot

67
Q

flower grows form SAM?

A

no, the sam changes to floral meristem

68
Q

changes in internode and axis while flowering?

A

internodes do not elongate
axis gets condensed

69
Q

what produces floral appendages?
floral appendages are same?
location of floral appendages?

A

apex
no, theyre of diff kinds
laterally at successive nodes instead of leaves

70
Q

when shoot tip transforms into a flower it may be of different inflorescences?

A

no, it is always solitary

71
Q

what is inflorescence?

A

arrangement of flowers on floral axis

72
Q

racemose define and tell families?

A

main axis continues to grow, flpwers born laterally in acropetal order

families- brassicaceae , fabaceae

73
Q

cymose define n families?

A

main axis terminates into a flower, growth limited, flowers basipetal order

families- solanaceae, liliaceae

74
Q

where are the whorls of flower arranged?

A

thalamus/receptcle which is the swollen end of stalk or pedicel

75
Q

which organs are the 4 whorls?

A

calyx n corolla are accessory
andro n gynocium are reproductive

76
Q

what is perianth? eg?

A

when calyx n corolla are not distinct
lily

lily means whole liliaceae family also monocots
represented as P(3+3) , if floral formula is asked or given then we can find liliaceae family by looking at this

77
Q

sexuality?

A

rem by

HMB- hermaphrodite, monoecious, bisexual
DU- diecious, unisexual

78
Q

actinomorphic symmetry?eg?

A

radial sym

MCD ( mustard , datura, chilli )

family- BSL

79
Q

zygomorphic? eg?

both horizontal n vertical plane?

A

bilateral sym
no, only 1 part, VERTICAL plane

PeGuBeCa i.e pea, gulmohar, bean, cassia

family- F ( ofc since pea n bean are there)

80
Q

asymmetric? eg?

A

cant be broken in any 2 halves by any VERTICAL plane

Canna

81
Q

what do we check for tri, tetra or pentamerous?

A

floral appendages multiple

82
Q

bracteate?

A

if bracts reduced leaves found at base of pedicel

83
Q

how are flowers described as ……gynous?

A

based on the position of calyx, corolla and androcium wrt ovary ON thalamus
rem all 3 are there and judge wrt to position of these 3 not ovary

84
Q

hypogynous? eg?

A

hypo se rem the 3 parts are below nd gynocium is highest hence ovary is superior ofc

MCB mustard china rose brinjal

if family- all family

85
Q

tell MSC, MCD, MCB

A

mustard, sunflower, china rose- alternate phyllotaxy
mustard, chilli, datura- actinomorphic
mustard, china rose, brinjal- hypogynous

86
Q

perigynous? eg?

A

when 3 parts nd ovary are at same level sp basically located
gynocium at centre and other parts on rim of thalamus
ovary is half INFERIOR ( they could say half superior which is wrong?

RPP ( rose, plum , peach)

87
Q

epigynous? eg?

A

opp of hypo margin of thalamus grows upward encloses the ovary COMPLETELY and fuses , other parts above ovary
ovary is inferior

Cu Gu Su ( cucumber, guava, sunflower ki ray florets)

88
Q

outermost whorls and its members c/a?

A

calyx, sepals

89
Q

describe sepals?
role?

A

green, leaf like
protect the flower in bud stage ( they might say photosynthesis since its green but its not correct)

90
Q

calyx types?

A

gamosepalous ( united )
polysepalous ( free )

91
Q

aestivation?

A

arrangement of petals or sepals wrt other members of same whorl
its not like arrangement of sepals wrt petals or vice versa

92
Q

valvate? eg?

A

just touch one another at margin w/o overlapping
eg calotropis

93
Q

twisted?

A

overlaps but equally
CCL china rose, cotton, lady finger

94
Q

imbricate

A

overlaps but unequally
CaGul cassia, gulmohar

95
Q

vexillary? eg? also c/a?

A

largest standard overlaps 2 petals wings which in turn overlap 2 smallest anterior petal keel
pea, bean, fabaceae family
c/a papilionaceous

96
Q

keel are ant or post?

A

ANTERIOR

97
Q

vexillary is aestivation of which appendage

A

petals since only that is mentioned if came choose that

98
Q

how many lobes, pollen sacs are there in each anther?

A

2 lobes, 4 pollen sacs

99
Q

when stamens attached to petals? eg?

A

epipetalous , brinjal

100
Q

when stamens attached to perianth?

A

epiphyllous, lily ofc

101
Q

free stamens?

A

polyandrous

102
Q

gamoandrous stamens, 1 , 2 more than 2 bundles?

A

monoadelphous- china rose
diadelphous- pea
polyadelphous- citrus ( rem by polyembryony)

103
Q

variation in length of what in some stamens? eg?

A

filament , salvia mustard
not variation in stamen, in anther, in androcium its filament

104
Q

min no of carpels in gynoecium?

A

1, made up of 1 or more carpels

105
Q

apocarpous eg?

A

lotus, rose, michelia

106
Q

syncarpous eg?

A

mustard, tomato, papaver

107
Q

placentation?

A

arrangement of ovules within the ovary

108
Q

marginal placentation? eg?

A

placenta forms a ridge along ventral suture of ovary
ovules born on this ridge forming 2 rows not a single row

pea rem by margin pe matar rehte h

109
Q

axile placentation? eg?

A

ovules attached in multilocular ovary

TLC (tomato, lemon, china rose)
rem ki ovules beech mei h ovary multilocular h

110
Q

parietal placentation? eg?

A

ovules have 2 options 1. on inner wall of ovary
2. on peripheral part
ovary is 1 chambered but becomes 2 chambered due to formation of a false septum

argemone, mustard

111
Q

free central?

A

ovules born on central axis n septa are absent

eg. dianthus, primrose

112
Q

basal placentation?

A

placenta develops at base of ovary, single ovule is attached to it

sunflower, marigold

113
Q

in which placentation single ovule present?

A

basal

114
Q

is fruit a characterstic feature of flowering plants?

A

YES

115
Q

all pericarps are differentiated into 2 layers?

A

no, only thick nd fleshy pericarps are differenciated into 3 layers

116
Q

wht is drupe?

A

the fruit in mango nd coconut rem its fruit not ovary,pericarp etc

117
Q

drupes originate from?
the flower of drupe is?
how many seeds in drupe?

A

monocarpellary superious ovary
hypogynous
one seeded

118
Q

how is mesocarp in mango nd coconut?

A

in mango it is edible, in coconut its is fibrous

119
Q

wheat, gram, pea, maize which of them have scutellum?

A

wheat nd maize

120
Q

the 2 layers of seed coat?

A

outer testa, inner tegmen

121
Q

where is micropyle located wrt hilum?

A

above the hilum but in diag of seed hilum is above nd micropyle is below

122
Q

endospermic nd non endospermic eg?

A

castor, monocots
bean gram pea i.e dicots, orchid (monocot)

123
Q

in seeds of cereals like maize whats unique?

A

seed coat is membranous nd fused with the fruit wall

124
Q

in monocots embryo is?
embryonal axis is?

A

small, short

125
Q

order of plant description?

A
  1. habit, veg characters
  2. floral characters
    3.floral diag nd formula
126
Q

brassicaceae family floral diag?

A

actinomorphic i.e +
superior ovary i.e G above line hypogynous
bisexual
tetramerous K nd C are 4

127
Q

fabaceae family also c/a?
subfamily of leguminosae

A

papilionoideae
papilionoidae not fabaceae

128
Q

fabacea family floral diag?

A

zygomorphic i.e % bisexual vexillary aestivation

129
Q

which is a large family?

A

solanaceae

130
Q

widely distributed family?

A

solanaceae

131
Q

stem in solanum tuberosum?

A

underground

132
Q

floral diag of solanaceae

A

actinomorphic bisexual epipetalous i.e androcium fused with corolla C nd A fused hypogynous

identify by axile placentation

133
Q

solanaceae eg?

A

chilli
medi- belladona, ashwagandha
tobacco
petunia
diag of solanum nigrum i.e makoi

134
Q

fabaceae eg

A

pulses- bean, gram moomg, sem, arhar, soyabean
oil- soyabean, groundnut
fodder- sesbania, trifolium
indigofera
ornamental- lupin, sweet pea
medicine - mulaithi
sunhemp

135
Q

liliaceae charactersitc of what plants?

A

monocots

136
Q

liliaceae distributed?

A

worldwide

137
Q

liliaceae underground?

A

bulbs/corms/rhizomes

138
Q

liliaceae inflorescence?

A

umbellate clusturs

139
Q

solanaceae seeds?

A

endospermous

140
Q

liliaceae floral diag?

A

bracteate Br, actinomorphic, bisexual, perianth i.e P and A fused hypogynous

identify floral diag by fusion

141
Q

liliaceae eg?

A

allium cepa- onion , asparagus
ornamental- tulip, gloriosa
med- aloe
colchicine- colchicum autumnale

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