anatomy Flashcards
growth is restricted to which region
meristems
which meristem produce primary tissue
apical meristem
cells left behind from shoot apical meristem constitute what
axillary bud
axillary buds are capalble of forming
branch or flower
meristem +nt b/w mature tissue
intercalary
where are intercalary meri. present and what they do
present in grasses and regenrate parts eaten by grazing
what are the two primary meristems
apical and intercalary
meristem that occur in mature woody regions
secondary or lateral
shape of sec/lateral meristems
cylindrical
eg of lateral meristems
fascicular vascular cambium (lateral but not secondary) ,interfascicular cambium , cork cambium
which meristem produce dermal tissues , ground tissues and vascular tissues
specific regions of apical meristem
which meristem makes epidermis
protoderm
how many types of cells present in plants
4 ( meris. , paren. , collen. , scleren. )
most abundant tissue
parenchyma
to which parts do parenchyma gives support / mechanical strength
none
parenchyma shape
isodiamteric
parenchyma cell wall
thin and cellulosic
parenchyma function
photosynthesis , storage , secretion
how are parenchyma packed
very closely with little or no intercellular space
collenchyma location
below epidermis , in young stem or petioles of leaves
how is collenchyma found
either in patches or homogenous layer
where and what is deposited in collenchyma
cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin is deposited at corner which makes it thick at corner
where is collenchyma absent
dicot roots and monocots me totally absent
collenchyma cell wall?
thin but thick at corner
intercellular spaces in collenchyma
absent
does collenchyma produce food
collenchyma may have chloroplast so maybe photosynthetic
sclerenchyma’s which form has thicker cell wall
sclerids
sclerenchyma locations
woody parts , fruit wall of nuts , guava pear sapota , seed coat of legumes, and tea leaves
fibers ka shape
long elongated , pointed , thick walled
sclerids ka shape
sph , oval or cyl , thicker wall than fibers
which sclerenchyma occur in groups
fibres
which epidermal cell is photosyntetic
guard cells of stomata
other name of xylem and phoem
xy - hadrome
phl - leptome
(extra info h zaruri nhi h itni)
what are tracheary elements
vessels and tracheids
cells of xylem
tracheids , vessels m, xy paren , xy fibres
what parts are absent in vascular tissues on gymnosperms but present in angiosperms
vessels of xylem , and companion cells and sieve tube of phloem
vessel members are connected by
perforations of common walls
which xylem cell maybe septate or aseptate
xylem fibres
xylem paren ki walls ke bare me btao
thin walled and walls made of cellulose
what is stored in xyl paren.
food in form of starch or fat , and substance like tannins
radial conduction of water takes place by
ray parenchymatous cells
endarch kya h
protoxylem pith ki taraf hoti h , aur ye stems me milta h
exarch kya h
protoxylem periphery ki taraf hoti h , aur ye roots me milta h
proto/meta- xylem aur phloem kis kisme present hoti h
sabme rehti h monocots dicots har jagah
phloem aur xylem kisko support krte h
phloem sirf khudke cells ko support krta h , aur xylem poore plant ko support krte h
which phloem member is absent in monocots
phloem parenchyma
what does phloem parenchyma conduct and stores
conducts nothing , only stores food and substance like resin latex and mucilage
gymnosperms have what in place of companion cells and sieve tubes
sieve cells and albuminous cells
mature sieve tube has ?
peripheral cytoplasm , large vacuole but no nucleus
companion cells are what cells
parenchymatous cells
sieve tube and comp cells are connected by?
pit fields present between common longitudinal walls
what do comp cells do
maintain pressure gradient in sieve tubes
phloem fibres are made of
sclerenchyma
phloem fibres are absent in
primary phloem but present in secondary phloem , so it means all monocots ke andar bhi absent
which phloem fibres are used commercially
jute , hemp , flax
which among protophloem and metaphloem has bigger sieve tubes
metaphloem
is epidermis a continuous or non continuous layer
continuous
how many layers in epidermis
single layer
what cells make epidermis
parenchyma cells
vacuole size of epidermis
large
where are subsidiary cells located
in vicinity of guard cells
how many cells in root hair and trichomes
root hair is unicellular
trichomes are multicellular
radial vascular bundle present in
both mono and dicot roots
conjoint closed vascular bundles present in
monocot stem , and both mono & dicot leaves
conjoint open vascular bundle present in
dicot stem
outermost layer of dicot root
epiblema
cortex made of which cells
parenchyma
endodermis how many layers and shape of cell
single layer and barrel shaped cells
what layer makes casparin strips impermeable to water
suberin layer
pericyle which cells and how many layers
parenchyma and few layers thick
in dicot roots , where does initiation of lateral root and vascular cambium start
pericycle
how is pith in dicot root
inconspicous
the parenchyma cells which lie between xylem and phloem in dicot root
conjuctive tissue
how many vascular bundle in dicot root
2-4
what layers consist stele
all layers inside of endodermis
how is pith of monocot root
big and conspicous
how many vascular bundles in monocot root
more than 6 (polyarch)
after how many years of fertilization , secondary roots start developing in monocot roots
never
hypodermis in dicot stem made of
collenchyma
in dicot stem , cortical layers below hypodermis consist of
parenchyma cells
cells of endodermis of dicot stem are rich in what and called what
rich in starch grains and called starch sheath
pericycle in dicot stem made of what and present as
made of sclerenchyma and present as semilunar patches
what kind of arrangement of vascular bundle is characteristic of dicot stem
as a ring
how is pith of dicot stem
conspicous
size of VB in dicot stem
equal sized vb
monocot stem ki hypodermis made of
sclerenchyma
VB of monocot stem are surrounded by
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
size of VB in monocot stem
unequal , bigger in centre , smaller near periphery
water containing cavities are present in
VB of monocot stem
which surface bear more stomata in dicot leaf
abaxial (lower surface)
how is cuticle of dicot leaf
conspicous
mesophyll is made of which cells and how many types
parenchyma cells
two types pallisade and spongy
size of VB in dicot leaf
depends on size of vein , biggest in midrib
VB in dicot leaf are surrounded by
bundle sheath cells
which cell of mesophyll in dicot leaf has intercellular spaces
spongy parenchyma
other name of dicot leaf
dorsiventral leaf
other name of monocot leaf
isobilateral leaf
which surface of monocot leaves has more stomata
both have same no of stomata
mesophyll of monocot leaf differentiated into how many layers
it is not differentiated
which cells in monocot leaves are responsible for making leaves exposed or curles
bulliform cells
bulliform cells are modification of what
modification of adaxial epidermal cells
size of VB in monocot leaves
almost same except in main veins
vascular cambium is more active on which side
towards inner side
which remains intact after secondary growth , primary xylem or primary phloem
primary xylem
sec medullary rays are made of
parenchyma
what is formed more , sec phloem or sec xylem
sec xylem
how is spring wood or early wood
less density and lighter in color with wider vessels
how is autumn wood or late wood
more density and dark in color with narrow vessels
what deposition makes heartwood dark
tannin ,resin, oil ,gum , aromatic susbtance , essestial oils
features of heartwood
hard durable and resistant to insect and microbial attacks and does not conduct water
feature of sap wood
conduct water and minerals
other name for cork cambium
phellogen
how many layers in phellogen
couple of layers
how are cells of phellogen
narrow thin walled rectangular cells
what deposition makes cork impervious
suberin
cells of secondary cortex are
parenchymatous
what contitutes periderm
phellogen , phellem(cork) ,phelloderm (sec cortex)
bark refers to
all layers outer to vascular cambium
lenticels are what shaped and formed due to which cells
lens shaped and formed due to parencyma cells
where does vascular cambium originate in dicot roots
below phloem and portion of pericycle just above xylem
wood is actually a ?
secondary xylem
origin of vascular cambium in dicot root is
completely secondary
interfascicular cambium developes from
medullary rays cells
in which xylem member , central cavity is found
vessel
xy parenchyma are made of
cellulose only
intercalary meristem absent in
dicots
