Morphology

Question 1

Affix

Answer 1

bound morphemes that can be:
prefix: added to the front of a word
suffix: added to the end of a word
infixes: added to the middle of a word and more common in other languages.
arcumfixes: Both sides of the word

They have two categories:
1. derivation affixes
2. inflectional affixes

Question 2

Affixation

Answer 2

a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base
(oxford bibliographies)

Question 3

Agglutinating Language

Answer 3

agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes, each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Turkish is an example of an agglutinative language.
(wikipedia)

Question 4

Allomorph

Answer 4

Nondistinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar. For example, the English plural morpheme can appear as [s] as in cats, [z] as in dogs, or [‘z] as in churches. Each of these three pronunciations is said to be an allomorph of the same morpheme.

Question 5

Alternation

Answer 5

he phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization.
(wikipedia)

Question 6

Ambiguity

Answer 6

a quality of language that makes speech or written text open to multiple interpretations. That quality makes the meaning difficult or impossible for a person or artificial intelligence (AI) program to reliably decode without some additional information.
(techtarget.com)

Question 7

Analytic Language

Answer 7

any language that uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection (q.v.), to express syntactic relations within sentences. An analytic language is commonly identified with an isolating language (q.v.), since the two classes of language tend to coincide.
(britannica.com)

Question 8

Bound Morpheme

Answer 8

morphemes that cannot be used by themselves and are dependent on other morphemes.
There are two categories:
1. affixes
2. bound roots

Question 9

Bound Root

Answer 9

second category of a bound morpheme, they cannot be used by themselves
example: ceive
re + ceive
de + ceive
we cannot ceive something.

Question 10

Closed Lexical Category

Answer 10

Part of the function words and generally, we do not make additions to this category.

Question 11

Compounding

Answer 11

the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. Compounding occurs when two or more words or signs are joined to make a longer word or sign.
(wikipedia)

Question 12

Conjunction

Answer 12

typically function morphemes, since they either serve to tie elements together grammatically (“hit by a truck,” “Kim and Leslie,” “Lee saw his dog”), or express obligatory (in a given language!) morphological features like definiteness (“she found a table” or “she found the table” but not “*she found table”)

Question 13

Content Morpheme

Answer 13

are also often called open-class morphemes, because they belong to categories that are open to the invention of arbitrary new items. People are always making up or borrowing new morphemes in these categories.: “smurf,” “nuke,” “byte,” “grok.”

Question 14

Content Word

Answer 14

words that have a clean lexical meaning this class is composed of: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They are words for people, things, actions, ideas, and attributes.

Question 15

Derivation

Answer 15

one of two categories of affixes, that when added to a word, it creates a new word with a new meaning. derivational precisely because a new word is derived.
Many times these newly created words belong to another grammatical category
ex: nouns into adjectives
verbs into nouns
adjectives to adverbs
verbs to adjectives
etc.

sometimes they stay the same grammatically
ex: noun to noun

Question 16

Determiner

Answer 16

abbreviated DET), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
(wikipedia)

Question 17

Form

Answer 17

a meaningful unit of speech (such as a morpheme, word, or sentence)
(merriamwebster.com)

Question 18

Free Morpheme

Answer 18

can be used by themselves and not dependant on any other morpheme to complete their meaning.
Example of free morphemes in the open class: girl, fish, tree, love. Example of free morphemes in the closed class: the, and, for, it.

Question 19

Function Morpheme

Answer 19

also called “closed-class” morphemes, because they belong to categories that are essentially closed to invention or borrowing – it is very difficult to add a new preposition, article or pronoun

Question 20

Function Word

Answer 20

Do not have a clear lexical meaning, but do serve a functional purpose in language. They are words such as: conjunctions, articles, prepositions, and pronouns.

Question 21

Fusional Language

Answer 21

a language that forms words by the fusion (rather than the agglutination) of morphemes, so that the constituent elements of a word are not kept distinct.
(dictionary.apa.org)

Question 22

Hierarchical Structure

Answer 22

sometimes called a tree structure. Consider the word unusable. It contains three morphemes:

prefix “un-“
verb stem “use”
suffix “-able”
What is the structure? Is it first “use” + “-able” to make “usable”, then combined with “un-“ to make “unusable”? or is it first “un-“ + “use” to make “unuse”, then combined with “-able” to make “unusable”? Since “unuse” doesn’t exist in English, while “usable” does, we prefer the first structure, which corresponds to the tree shown below.

Question 23

Homophony

Answer 23

the linguistic phenomenon whereby words of different origins become identical in pronunciation.
(dictionary.com)

Question 24

Incorporation

Answer 24

the compounding of a word (typically a verb or preposition) with another element (typically a noun, pronoun, or adverb). The compound serves the combined syntactic function of both elements.
(onlinelibrary.willey.com)

Question 25

Infix

Answer 25

added to the middle of a word and is more common in other languages
English example: like the insertion of emphatic words in English cases like “un-frigging-believable”

Question 26

Inflection

Answer 26

Second of two categories of affixes. They are suffixes that when added to the end of a word don’t change its meaning (not in any large sense.) They change things like the person, tense, and number. There are a total of eight in the English language:
1. third person singular s
2. The past tense ed
3. Progressive ing
4. The past participle en
5. the plural s
6. The possesive s
7. The comparitive er
8. The superlative est
Compared to other languages, English has very few Inflectional Affixes, but they serve their purpose well nonetheless.

Question 27

Input

Answer 27

the exposure learners have to authentic language in use. This can be from various sources, including the teacher, other learners, and the environment around the learners. Input can be compared to intake, which is input then taken in and internalized by the learner so it can be applied.
(teachingenglish.org.uk)

Question 28

Lexical Category

Answer 28

classes of words (e.g., noun, verb, preposition), which differ in how other words can be constructed out of them. For example, if a word belongs to a lexical category verb, other words can be constructed by adding the suffixes -ing and -able to it to generate other words.
(sciencedirect.com)

Question 29

Lexicon

Answer 29

the knowledge that a speaker has about the words of a language. This includes meanings, use, form, and relationships with other words. A lexicon can thus be thought of as a mental dictionary.
(teachingenglish.org.uk)

Question 30

Morpheme

Answer 30

the minimal unit of form and meaning

Question 31

Morphology

Answer 31

which deals with morphemes (the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning), and how they make up words.

Question 32

Open Lexical Category

Answer 32

Part of the content words in morphology and new words can be added and indeed are added to this category. example: technology words

Question 33

Output

Answer 33

the language the learner produces - i.e., writing and speaking). Therefore, teachers need to encourage their students to try to use the language they are learning as often as possible.
(joshesl.com)

Question 34

Partial Reduplication

Answer 34

a reduplication of only part of the word
(wikipedia)

Question 35

Polysynthetic Language

Answer 35

a language where words are made with lexical morphemes (substantive, verb, adjective, etc) as if parts of sentences were bound together to constitute one word, which can sometimes be very long.
(sorosoro.org)

Question 36

Prefix

Answer 36

Morpheme Added to the front of a word

Question 37

Preposition

Answer 37

English words like in, on, under, with
this name makes sense given that they precede the noun phrase they introduce:

Question 38

Productive

Answer 38

regular in form or meaningthe phenomenon that a morphological pattern (a systematic form-meaning correspondence) observed a set of complex words can be extended to new cases. This then leads to new complex words, or inflectional forms of words
(taalportall.org)

Question 39

Pronoun

Answer 39

a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
(wikipedia)

Question 40

Reduplicant

Answer 40

a morplinguistic morphology) The reduplicated segment in a word resulting from a reduplication process. hological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
(wiktionary.org)

Question 41

Reduplication

Answer 41

a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
(wikipedia)

Question 42

Root

Answer 42

morphemes that form the base of a word, and usually carry its meaning. Generally, base words are free morphemes, that can stand by themselves (e.g. cycle as in bicycle/cyclist, and form as in transform/formation).
(education.vic.gov.au)

Question 43

Simultaneous Affix

Answer 43

an affix that takes place at the same time as its base. Prefixes and suffixes are very common, not only in English but also in other languages. Circumfixes, infixes, and simultaneous affixes are less common
(ecampusontariopressbooks.pub

Question 44

Stem

Answer 44

The basic or core morpheme in such cases is referred to as the stem, root, or base, while the add-ons are affixes

Question 45

Suffix

Answer 45

bound morpheme added to the end of a word

Question 46

Suppletion

Answer 46

a form of morphological irregularity whereby a change in a grammatical category triggers a change in word form, with a different (suppletive) root substituting for the normal one (e.g. in the past tense of go, the irregular form went replaces the regular goed).
(sites.uclouvain.be)