Morphology

Question 1

Morphemes:

Answer 1

• A minimal unit of meaning.

- Can consist of more than one morpheme.

Question 2

Examples of Morphemes:

Answer 2

• Peace= 1 morpheme
• Peace + Ful- Peaceful = 2 Morphemes
• Peace + Ful + Ly = 3 Morphemes.

Question 3

Free Morphemes:

Answer 3

• Words that can be used by themselves.
• Independent of its own meaning, don’t need a morpheme to complete its meaning.
• Free Morphemes: Open Class Words - Girl, Fish, Tree and Love.
• Free Morphemes: Closed Class Words - The, And, For, It.

Question 4

Bound Morphemes:

Answer 4

-Divided into two categories: Affixes and Roots.

Question 5

Bound Roots:

Answer 5

Such as ‘ceive’ cannot be used by themselves.

Question 6

Affixes:

Answer 6

-The prefixes and suffixes that we add to the beginning or ending of a word.
-Affixes are divided into:
-derivational affixes +Prefixes and Suffixes
-Inflectional affixes
+Suffixes

Question 7

Derivational Affixes:

Answer 7

-When added to a word, creates a new word with a new meaning.
-A new word is derived out of a word.
-CHANGES WORD CLASS.
-These belong to a new grammatical category.
+Affixes can turn nouns into adjectives: Beauty+ful = Beauitful.
+Change verbs into adverbs: Precise+ly = Precisely
+Change adjectives to nouns: sing+er =Singer
+Can also keep the words in the same category: Blue+ish=Bluish

Question 8

Inflectional Affixes:

Answer 8

• Are all suffixes
• When added to the end of a word, doesn’t change its meaning.
• NO change in word class.
• Changes things such as the person, tense, number of a word. A total of 8 in English.

Question 9

Inflectional Affixes 1:

Answer 9

The third person singular S.

Example: Anakin Kill’s’ younglings.

Question 10

Inflectional Affixes 2:

Answer 10

The past tense ED.

Example: Ron kiss’ed’ Hermione.

Question 11

Inflectional Affixes 3:

Answer 11

The progressive ING.

Example: Han is fall’ing’ into the salad pit.

Question 12

Inflectional Affixes 4:

Answer 12

The pass partle simple EN.

Example: The emperor has fall’en’ and cannot get up.

Question 13

Inflectional Affixes 5:

Answer 13

The plural S.

Example: Vampire’s’ make the worst boyfriend’s’.

Question 14

Inflectional Affixes 6:

Answer 14

The possessive S.

Example: That’s Luke’s’ hand isn’t it?

Question 15

Inflectional Affixes 7:

Answer 15

The comparative ER.

Example: Picard is cool’er’ than Kirk.

Question 16

Inflectional Affixes8:

Answer 16

The superlative EST.

Example: That’s the sweet’est’ thing i’ve ever seen.

Question 17

Allo-morphemes:

Answer 17

Some morphemes have two or more pronunciations.
Example:
Cats and Cliffs = Voiceless ‘s’ /s/
Dogs and Girls = Voiced ‘s’ /z/

Question 18

What are the two word categories called:

Answer 18

Content words and function words.

-All words are either of the two.

Question 19

Content words:

Answer 19

• Have a clear lexical meaning.
  -Class is composed of: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs.
  + Words for: people, things, actions, attributes and ideas.
• Are open class - as new words can be and are added to this category.
  -With technology, marketing and food, we have created new words such as: ‘tweet’, ‘defriend’ or ‘frankenfood’.

Question 20

Function Words:

Answer 20

-Don’t have a clear lexical meaning.
-Provides a functional purpose in a language.
-Words such as: Conjunction, Article, Prepositions and Pronouns.
-Are closed class.
+no changes are added to this category.

Question 21

The process of word formations:

- In inflectional and derivation.

Answer 21

• Borrowing
• Affixation
• Clipping
• Blending
• Conversion
• Coinage
• Acronyms and initialisms
• Metaphor.

Question 22

Compounding:

Answer 22

When two separate words are combined together to form one word.
- Example: Bookcase, Sunburn, Wallpaper.
- Can also create compound adjectives:
Good-looking, Low-paid.
-And create compound of adjectives and noun:
Fast + Food = Fastfood
(adj) (noun) (adj+noun)

Question 23

Blending:

Answer 23

When two separate words are combined to form a single new term.
-First letter of word is joined to second part of word.
Example:
> Smurk = Smoke+Murk
> Smaze = Smoke+Maze
- Can also occur when describing a mixture of two languages: Spanglish = Spanish+English.

Question 24

Clipping:

Answer 24

The reduction of what is noticeable in blending, but becomes more apparent in clipping.
Example:
-exam= examination
-gas=gasoline
-ad=advertisement
English speakers also clip each others name:
Ed,Liz,Mike,Ron

Question 25

Hypocorisms:

Answer 25

A particular type of reduction, that Australian and British English use.
-A longer word is reduced to a single syllable.
-The ‘y’ or ‘ie’ is added to the end of the word.
Example:
- Movie= Moving picture
- Bickie= Biscuit
- Telly= Television

Question 26

Backformation:

Answer 26

A specialized type of reduction process, where a word of a type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb).
Example:
(Noun) —————————— (Verb)
Television Televise
Donation Donate
Emotion Emote

Question 27

Conversion:

Answer 27

A change in the function of a word, when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction).
-Aka a ‘category change’ or ‘functional shift’.
-Words such as ‘butter’, ‘bottle’, ‘chair’ have been converted into verbs: ‘buttered’, ‘bottled’, ‘chair’
-Conversion process includes:
+ Verbs into nouns
+Phrasal Verbs into nouns
+Noun into verbs

Question 28

Phrasal Verbs:

Answer 28

• To print out

- To take over

Question 29

Coinage:

Answer 29

• The invention and general use of new terms.
• Common for trade names of commercial products that become general words.
• Usually without capital letters: vasaline,nylon,zipper.
• Google is a form of coinage, a company name that’s used in normal regular.
• Eponyms=new words based on the name of a name of a person or a place.

Question 30

Acronyms:

Answer 30

New words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.

• CD= Computer Disk
• SPCA= Society for the presentation of cruelty to animals.

Question 31

Derivation:

Answer 31

Words that are not given a separate listing in dictionaries.

• Affixes= are ‘un, mis,pre,ful,less’
• Example: ‘un’happy, ‘mis’fortunate, joy’ful’, boy’ish’.

Question 32

Prefixes:

Answer 32

Words beginning with ‘un,mis’ -‘mis’lead.

Question 33

Suffixes:

Answer 33

Words ending with ‘less’, ‘ish’ - point’less’

Question 34

Infixes:

Answer 34

An affix that is incorporated inside of another word, occasionally used when emotionally expressing certain words.

• Example: Halle’bloody’lujah!
• Not so common in English

Question 35

Analogy:

Answer 35

The formation of this new word, however was helped by a different process.
- Example: Yuppie was a new word by analogy with the earlier word hippie and another short lived analogy of yippie.

Question 36

Borrowing:

Answer 36

Process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another language.
Example:
Pizza is borrowed from Italy
Yoghurt and coffee is borrowed from Turkey.