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English Language: Morphology > Grammar and words > Flashcards

Grammar and words Flashcards

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1
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

The traditional approach to grammar that focuses on the ‘right way’ of speaking and writing language.

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2
Q

Benefits of Prescriptive Grammar:

A
  • Good for teaching the basics of language.

- Easily understood by all speakers of the language.

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3
Q

Example of Prescriptive Grammar

A

-Hello, how was your day?

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4
Q

Descriptive Grammar:

A

The non-traditional approach to grammar that focuses on how people actually use language, it has no set of rules when speaking and writing in language.
-Slang

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5
Q

Pros and cons of Descriptive Grammar:

A 
Pros:
-Flexible on what language should be.
-Individualistic. 
Cons:
-Can appear 'ungrammatical' if listen or reader is unable to understand the speaker or writer.
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6
Q

Example of Descriptive Grammar:

A

Wassup, how’s de day been?

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7
Q

Traditional Grammatical Word Classes:

A
  • Noun
  • Adjective
  • Pronoun
  • Verb
  • Conjunction
  • Adverb
  • Determiner
  • Preposition
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8
Q

Noun:

A

Refers to things and objects.

Two types of nouns: Proper Nouns and Common Nouns.

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9
Q

Proper Nouns:

A

Are capitalised in English. These are names of places and people.

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10
Q

Common Nouns:

A

Everything else that isn’t a proper noun.
Common Nouns are broken into three categories:
-abstract nouns
-concrete nouns
-collective nouns

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11
Q

Concrete Nouns:

A

Physical objects i.e table, chair, pen.

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12
Q

Abstract Nouns:

A

Intangible objects i.e love, happiness, sadness.

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13
Q

Collective Nouns:

A

Objects made up of a group of objects i.e parliament, school, gangs, crews.

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14
Q

Verbs:

A

Are doing or action words.
Two types of verbs:
-main verbs
-auxiliary verbs

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15
Q

Main Verbs:

A

Describe the main action.

I.e cooking, singing or run

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16
Q

Auxiliary Verbs:

A

Sets the tense, mood, aspect and voice of main verb.
There are two types of auxiliary verbs:
-primary verbs.
-modal auxiliary verbs

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17
Q

Primary Verbs:

A

Be, have and do

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18
Q

Modal Auxiliary Verbs:

A

The modality OR assert or deny the possibility, the certainty, the ability, the obligation of future intention and other similar things of an action.
-Words such as:
could, would, should will, must, might, may, shall.

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19
Q

The other verbs:

A 
Modal verb: he
Do insertion: does
Progressive BE: is
Passive Be: was
Perfect HAVE: has
20
Q

Adjectives:

A

The modifiers of the noun properties or qualities.

Two other types of adjectives: comparative and superlative.

21
Q

Comparative:

A

Compares the properties and qualities of two or more objects. Generally end in ‘er’ words such as prettier or funnier.

22
Q

Superlative:

A

Compares things by stating the most particular quality. Generally end in ‘est’ words such as happiest or saddest.

23
Q

Adverbs:

A
  • Are modifiers.
  • Modify the verb setting it in a time, place, and manner in which it was done.
  • Can also modify adjectives. Includes words such as ‘beautifully’ or delightfully’. Generally end with ‘ly’ words.
24
Q

Pronouns:

A

-Preplace nouns.
-Are 1st, 2nd and 3rd person words.
There are three types of pronouns:
-personal
-possessive
-reflexive

25
Q

Demonstrative pronouns:

A
  • Point to objects.
  • Words such as: that, this or it.
  • Context dependant, would be applicable in a sentence like ‘that cat’
26
Q

Indefinite pronouns:

A

Don’t refer to particular objects.

Example includes words such as: anything, everything, nothing, something.

27
Q

Relative pronouns:

A
  • Are places after objects or nouns that they describe.
  • They are form relative clauses.
  • Includes words such as: that, which, who and whom.
28
Q

Examples of Relative pronouns:

A
  • The girl ‘who’ is crossing the road.

- The chicken ‘that’ crossed the road.

29
Q

Interrogative pronouns:

A

Are ‘wh’ words.

Words such as: who, what, when, where.

30
Q

Existential pronouns:

A

There. I.e there is a car.

31
Q

Conjunctions:

A
  • Connectives.

- Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

32
Q

Coordinating Conjunctions:

A

Connect to clauses of equal value. Includes words such as: and, but.

33
Q

Subordinating

Conjunctions:

A
  • Words that introduce dependent subordinating clauses which add information to the main clause.
  • Connect main clauses and subordinate clauses.
34
Q

Examples of Subordinating

Conjunctions:

A

-The roads are slippery, ‘when it rains’
-They continued to praise him, ‘while he sat there questioning himself’.
- ‘’ = (for flash card)
showing the subordinate clause.

35
Q

Prepositions:

A
  • Relate to objects to each other, either by direction, position or relationship.
  • Examples include: up, down, into, close to, after.
36
Q

Determiner:

A

Are broken into many categories:

  • Definite Article
  • Indefinite Articles
  • Possessive Determiners
  • Demonstrative Determiner
  • Qualifiers Determiners
37
Q

Definite Article:

A

The

38
Q

Indefinite Articles

A
  • a, an

- depends on whether the following words begins with vowel or not.

39
Q

Possessive Determiners:

A

similar, yet different to possessive pronouns.
these are: are, my, your, his, her, its.
- My watch = possessive determiner
- That watch is mine = possessive noun.

40
Q

Demonstrative Determiner:

A

This, that, these, those.

41
Q

Qualifiers Determiner:

A

Many, some, every.

42
Q

Negotor NOT:

A

Words such as NOT.

Example: He had ‘not’ bought milk.

43
Q

Infinitival TO:

A

Words such as TO.

Example: They have ‘to’ complete their group project before the upcoming Friday.

44
Q

Lexical Words:

A
  • Are content words, express semantic information.
  • They are the main carriers of meaning.
  • (open word class)
45
Q

Functional Words:

A
  • Express grammatical or relational information, primarily linking together and modifying the meaning of content words.
  • (Closed word class)

English Language: Morphology (4 decks)

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