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Phase 2 Medicine > more kidney > Flashcards

more kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What drug would you use to alkalise urine?

A

Oral sodium bicarbonate

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2
Q

Name a cysteine binder.

A

Captopril

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3
Q

How would you treat hypercalciurea?

A

Thiazide - bendroflumethiazide

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4
Q

Give 6 causes of pre-renal AKI

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Heart failure
  3. Hypovolaemia - eg dehydration
  4. Renal artery stenosis/thrombosis
  5. Liver cirrhosis
  6. SEPSIS
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5
Q

Give a post renal cause of AKI

A

Urinary tract obstruction

  1. Stones
  2. Prostate enlargement
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6
Q

Define AKI

A

An abrupt and sustained rise in serum creatinine, urea, and decrease in urine output Due to a rapid decline in GFR

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7
Q

How can kidney stones be prevented?

A
  1. Overhydration
  2. Reduce salt intake
  3. Reduce protein intake
  4. Drink citrus juice
  5. Lose weight
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8
Q

What are the risk factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Obesity
  3. HTN
  4. Polycystic Kidney disease
  5. von Hippel Lindau
  6. Renal failure and haemodialysis
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9
Q

CKD leads to uraemia. List 6 symptoms of uraemia?

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Nausea
  3. Encephalopathy -> coma and death
  4. Pericarditis
  5. Bleeding
  6. Uraemic frost
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10
Q

List 6 symptoms of CKD (excluding uraemia symptoms)

A
  1. Oliguria
  2. Dyspnoea
  3. Peripheral oedema
  4. HTN
  5. Cardiomegaly
  6. Hyperkalaemia -> arrhythmias
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11
Q

What is the albumin creatinine ratio?

A

Albumin in urine can be diluted or concentrated depending on urine volume. Creatinine is excreted in urine at a constant rate. Therefore the ratio of albumin to creatinine should be constant irrespective of urine volume.

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12
Q

How would you treat CKD?

A
  1. Anti-hypertensives - ACD
  2. Statins and risk factor mod for CV disease
  3. Treat acidosis and anaemia
  4. Treat oedema with loop diuretic
  5. ESRF - dialysis/transplant
  6. Vitamin D/Calcium for bone disease

(points do not correlate to order of Tx, or to severity of CKD)

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13
Q

TNM for prostate cancer: What investigation would you do to find T?

A

DRE

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14
Q

TNM for prostate cancer: What investigation would you do to find N?

A

MRI/CT scan to imagine how many nodes it has spread to.

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15
Q

TNM for prostate cancer: What investigation would you do to find M?

A

Bone scan

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16
Q

What are the arguments for radical prostatectomy?

A
  • Curative
  • Reduced patient anxiety
  • Prostate cancer has a high mortality
  • Longitudinal studies show the benefit of surgery.
17
Q

What are the arguments against radical prostatectomy?

A
  • Disease of the elderly
  • Many competing causes of death
  • 30% of men with prostate cancer die OF prostate cancer, 70% don’t die of prostate cancer
  • Adverse effects of treatment
18
Q

What do you use for androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer?

A
  1. LHRH agonists - initially cause an increase in testosterone levels, but levels drop after a few weeks.

Increase in testosterone levels can increase size of bony mets, so androgen receptor antagonists are given alongside LHRH agonists for the first few weeks.

19
Q

Name a chemotherapy drug for prostate cancer.

A

Docetaxel

20
Q

Where is the PSA used?

A
  • PSA is usually used to monitor response to treatment for advanced prostate cancer.
  • Detection of recurrent disease e.g. after prostatectomy
21
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of screening in prostate cancer.

A
    • Most common cancer in men
    • Uncertain natural history
    • Overtreatment - Morbidity of treatment
22
Q

How can testicular tumours be divided?

A
  1. Germ cell
  2. Non-germ cell
    1. Seminoma
    2. Non-seminoma
      1. Embryonal carcinoma
      2. Yolk sac carcinoma
      3. Choriocarcinoma
      4. Teratoma
23
Q

What is the first line treatment for cystitis?

A

Trimethoprim or cefalexin

Phase 2 Medicine (10 decks)

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