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Phase 2 Medicine > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands pour their secretions directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands pour their secretions into ducts.

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2
Q

What are the three types of hormone action?

A 
Endocrine = transported in blood - acts at distant sites
Paracrine = acts on neighbouring tissues
Autocrine = feeds back on same cell that secreted the hormone
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3
Q

What types of hormones are water-soluble?

A

Peptides and monoamines

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4
Q

What types of hormones are fat-soluble?

A

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

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5
Q

Are water soluble hormones bound to proteins in the blood?

A

They are not bound to proteins as they are hydrophilic.

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6
Q

Are fat soluble hormones bound to proteins in the blood?

A

Yes, they are hydrophobic so must bind to protein.

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7
Q

How do water soluble hormones interact with cells?

A

Bind to a surface receptor

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8
Q

How do fat-soluble hormones interact with cells?

A

Diffuse through cell membrane.

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9
Q

Which types of hormones have a short half-life?

A

Water-soluble hormones have a short half-life

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10
Q

Which types of hormones have a fast clearance?

A

Water-soluble hormones have a fast clearance rate.

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11
Q

What is the release pattern of peptide hormones?

A

They are released in pulses/bursts

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12
Q

How are peptide hormones cleared?

A

Tissue and circulating enzymes

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13
Q

Are peptide hormones stored in the cell? If so, what are they stored in, and why are they stored?

A

They are stored in secretory granules in the cell. They are water-soluble/hydrophilic

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14
Q

What do amine hormones bind to?

A

Bind to adrenoceptors and stimulate secondary messenger cascade

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15
Q

Are amine hormones water-soluble?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Give examples of amine hormones

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

17
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine (which is derived from phenylalanine)

18
Q

How are amine hormones derived from tyrosine?

A

Tyrosine > L-Dopa > Dopamine > Noradrenaline > Adrenaline

19
Q

What are adrenaline and noradrenaline metabolised to? What are these used for?

A

NA and Adrenaline are metabolised to make Normetanephrines and metanephrines respectively.

20
Q

Why are metanephrines and normetanephrines used to measure levels of amine hormones in the blood?

A

These can be used to measure amine hormone levels as they have a longer half-life in circulation.

21
Q

Are iodothyronines water-soluble?

A

No. 99% are protein bound

22
Q

What percentage of T3 in the circulation is directly secreted by the thyroid?

A

20%

23
Q

How is thyroxine synthesised?

A
  1. Thyroglobulin is synthesised and is secreted into colloid in the lumen of the thyroid
    2) Iodide ions are absorbed from the bloodstream into the follicular cells and are moved into the colloid
    3) Iodide binds to tyrosine on the thyroglobulin to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)
    4) TSH stimulates movement of MIT and DIT into the follicular cells and out into the circulation
    5) T4 is cleaved into T3
24
Q

Where are the receptors for thyroid hormone found?

A

Nucleus

25
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones found?

A

Cell membrane

26
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones found?

A

Cytoplasm

27
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones.

A

Vitamin D

Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids

28
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

29
Q

How is vitamin D synthesised?

A
  1. 7-diydrocholesterol > cholecalciferol (SUNLIGHT)
  2. cholecalciferol > 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (LIVER)
  3. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 > 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (KIDNEY)
30
Q

Is vitamin D fat soluble? How is it transported in the blood?

A

Fat soluble and is bound to vitamin D binding protein in the blood

31
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin D?

A

Maintains Calcium balance in the body

32
Q

Define appetite

A

Desire to eat food

33
Q

Define hunger

A

Need to eat

34
Q

Define anorexia

A

Lack of appetite

35
Q

Define satiety

A

Feeling of fullness/disappearing of appetite after a meal

36
Q

How is Body Mass Index calculated?

A

weight (kg )/ height (m^2)

37
Q

List 7 risks of obesity

A
  1. Type 2 diabetes
  2. Hypertension
  3. Coronary artery disease
  4. Stroke
  5. 6.

Phase 2 Medicine (10 decks)

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