more hsci content Flashcards
What are the four key factors/determinants of population health?
Biology, Lifestyle behaviours, Environment, use of formal health care services
What are characteristics of urban sprawl?
- low residential density
- rigid zoning separation of residential areas from commercial and industrial
- Automobile use
- Low activity town centres
What are the 4 dimensions of social exclusion?
- Exclusion from civil society
- Exclusion from social goods
- Exclusion from social production
- Economic Exclusion
What are three aspects that make up socioeconomic status?
Income, occupation, Education
What is the social gradient?
A graded association between indicators of socioeconomic status and population health
What are the 3 explanations of social gradient in health?
- Materialist and neo-materialist explanations
Materialist - greater exposure to psychosocial stressors from financial problems, neighbourhood issues, social location (differential exposure hypothesis) - cultural behavioural explanations
all have stressors, position makes it worse, engage in poor health habits as coping mechanisms (differential vulnerability hypothesis) - psychosocial explanations
Interpretation of standing = low self esteem, sense of coherence = poor health
What is the natural attitude toward sex and gender?
- human body is categorized into sexes, male or female
- categorization based on fixed scientific standards
- sex corresponds to sexuality
What are major gender differences in health?
- women live longer than men
- Differs in major causes of death (men - accidents and suicides)
- women suffering more ill health (mental, chronic..)
- women make more frequent use of formal health care than men
- there are gender differences in social determinants of health
What are explanations of gender differences in health and illness
- Role Accumulation hypothesis - women’s many roles lead to good health
- Role strain hypothesis - too many roles lead to women’s poor health
- Social acceptability hypothesis - women are socialized to accept sick role
- Risk taking hypothesis - men socialized to engage in risky behaviour
What are ethnic differences in health in Canada?
- Indigenous have poorer health outcomes because of social exclusion and racism
- There is a “healthy immigrant effect” that deteriorates over time
- There are ethnic differences in perception and understanding of symptoms
- There are ethnic differences in health care behaviour
- There are ethnic differences in social determinants of health
What are explanations of ethnic differences in health and illness?
- Biological Determinist
- Cultural Behavioural
- Socioeconomic
What are health lifestyles according to Bourdieu?
- Collective phenomenon
- Patterns of consumption
- Shaped by life choices and life chances
- Accumulated across life course, part of socialization and has enduring health consequences
What are the rules of medicare?
- Comprehensiveness - all necessary medical services guaranteed
- Universality - eligible for coverage based on uniform terms and conditions
- Portability - benefits transfer province to province
- Public administration - health care administered by non profit agency
- Accessibility - reasonable access to medical care
What are the three challenges to population health?
- Find ways to reduce inequalities income
- more effective at prevention
- Enhance people’s abilities to manage and cope with skills and support
What are three health promotion mechanisms?
- Self care
- Mutual aid
- Healthy environments
What are three health promotion implementation strategies?
- Foster public participation
- Strengthen community health services
- create healthy public policy that provides opportunities for health
As we pursue wellness, what should we know the difference between?
- Producing health VS consuming health
- Vision VS Realities
- Documenting VS reducing inequalities
- Formulating VS Implementing healthy public policy
- health and wellness as a virtue VS medicalized
What is the type of study that helped epidemiologists discover that TSS was caused by tampons?
case control studies
What was Raphael’s term to describe macro level factors like tax policies that indirectly influence health?
vertical structures
Virchow concluded this was the PRIMARY cause of 1849 typhus epidemic in upper Silesia
Feudalism, unfair tax policies, Lack of democracy = poor living conditions, inadequate diet, poor hygiene
Since 2007 there has been a 4.5% growth in the cost of this in Canada’s health care system
physicians
This concept describes illness cause by medical intervention
Iatrogenesis
By this year all Canadian provinces had medicare
1972
What is the difference between materialist and neomaterialist explanations?
Materialistic - emphasize material conditions people live (aspects of social structure (occupation, income, education)), influenced by political economy perspective of conflict paradigm
Neo-Materialist - Health not only from differential access to social and economic resources, also from funding invested in social infrastructure
What year does Saskatchewan initiate first hospital insurance plan?
1947
What year is the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Service act made
1957
What year did Saskatchewan establish medical insurance plan for physicians’ services
1962
What was Medicare implememented
1968
When was the Canadian health act implemented
1984 - receive federal support, prohibitions of user fees and extra charges
How many dollars spent for each Canadian average 2016 for health care
6, 299$
How much money going to physicians, drugs, and hospitals
60% total health expidenture
Explanations of deteriorating immigrant health
Converging lifestyles
Access to care
Stress of relocation
Structural racism
When was HIV first discovered
1981
