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HSCI > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Feminist Paradigm

A
  • Patriarchal… men dominate women
  • “gendered” experiences
  • What parts played by structural and behavioural determinants shape women and men’s subjective experience of health and illness
  • Intersectionality and mixed methods
  • Ann Oakley
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2
Q

Describe Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm

A
  • socially constructed product of interactions
    -“interpersonal meanings”
  • How do individuals socially construct meanings of health and illness?
  • micro, participant observation, Erving Goffman
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3
Q

Describe conflict paradigm

A
  • capitalist social system of inequity, competing interest groups, power struggles
    -“professional constructs”
  • medical dominance
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4
Q

Explain structural functionalist paradigm

A
  • Harmonious social system with interconnected parts
  • “social roles”
  • How does the threat of illness pose on stability of social system
  • SICK ROLE Talcott Parsons
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5
Q

What are the rights and duties of a sick person?

A

Rights
1. not their fault
2. temporarily exempt from normal social behaviours

Duties
1. Try to get well ASAP
2. Expected to seek competent help and comply with recommended medical treatment

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6
Q

Describe sociology of the body

A
  • society and social relations shape and are shaped by human bodies
  • “embodied cultural facts”
  • How have medical discourses of body shaped understandings of body and bodily conduct
  • “medical gaze”
  • Michel Foucault
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7
Q

Describe life course perspective

A
  • Society dynamic intersection of individual biographies and historical events
    -“unfolding across time”
  • how are current and future health status shaped by past experiences and timing
    -LIFE COURSE
  • Glenn Elder Jr
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8
Q

Why do health, illness, disease change over time?

A
  • physical changes in disease
    -change in what’s important (mental health)
  • Advances in technology
  • moral frameworks imposed, new ideas
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9
Q

Describe levels of prevention

A
  1. Primordial (everyone, reduce risk, health promotion)
  2. Primary (susceptible, reduce incidence, remove cause, immunization)
  3. Secondary (asymptomatic, reduce prevalence, screening, early diagnosis)
  4. Tertiary (symptomatic, reduce complications, treatment)
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10
Q

How many people have HIV

A

38.4 million

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11
Q

What is cumulative incidence?

A

Proportion of people who become diseased specific time period

New cases / people at risk at beginning

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12
Q

What are some types of host factors?

A
  1. Behaviours
  2. Acquired
  3. Transitory
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13
Q

What does pandemic mean?

A

Many epidemics that spread outside local region and effecting people in various/all parts of world

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14
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

Measure of rate of development of a disease in a population
(# new cases)/(person time)

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15
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Outbreak of a disease in localized group of people
1. vectors
2. carriers
3. sudden intro of new pathogen
More cases than expected

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16
Q

Describe triad of distribution and triad of causation

A

Triad of distribution - person, place, time (descriptive)

Triad of causation - Host, Environment, Agent (analytical)

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17
Q

What is the meaning of endemic?

A

cases are continually occurring in a population

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18
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Proportion of individuals in a population with disease at given point in time
(# cases all @ pt in time) / total population

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19
Q

Who’s John Snow?

A
  • Cholera outbreaks
  • Broad st. pump theory
  • epidemiologist
  • Map of deaths, found cause was water
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20
Q

How to test for TB?

A
  1. TB skin test
  2. Sputum Smear Microscopy
  3. Xpert MTB/RIF
21
Q

How many cases of TB? Dead? highest incidence? highest prevalence? With TB and HIV?

A

10 million cases
1.8 dead
Large cases = southeast asia
Highest incidence - subsaharan Africa
400,000 w TB and HIV

22
Q

Explain Rothman’s pie

A

Many sufficient causes
Necessary cause = needed to cause disease
Component cause = risk factors

23
Q

What are types of agents and examples?

A
  • Nutritive (niacin)
  • Chemical (poisons, drugs)
  • Physical (radiation)
  • Infectious (virus, bacteria)
24
Q

What is sensitivity and specificity?

A

Sensitivity - how well test classify people with disease as diseased

true positives/number with disease

Specificity - how well test classify people without disease as non-diseased

true negatives / number without disease

25
Q

Describe TB virus, who gets it?

A

Slow growing, latent and active
TB in Canada - people from other countries and Indigenous

26
Q

What is Bradford-Hill and Causality

A
  1. Strength of Association - strong association
  2. Consistency specificity - relationship observed repeatedly
  3. Temporality - factor before outcome
  4. Biological gradient/dose response- outcome changes with increasing dose of exposure
27
Q

Describe the Ottawa charter

A

1986 - first international health promotion
1. Build healthy public policy - make healthiest choice easiest choice
2. Create supportive environments - encourage reciprocal maintenance
3. Strengthen community action - empowerment of communities
4. Develop personal skills - increase options for control over health and environment
5. Reorient health system - shift from healthcare to population health

28
Q

What are the applications of epidemiology?

A
  1. Identify cause of new syndrome
  2. Assess risks of exposure
  3. Determining whether treatment X is effective
  4. Identifying health service use, needs, trends
  5. Identify Practical prevention strategies
29
Q

Describe salutogenic model of health

A

Aaron Antovonsky - salutary factors at individual and community levels
“Coherence scale”
- Attention to resources and assets capacity to create health
Health = continuous movement from good and ill

30
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health in specific populations and application is to control health problems

31
Q

What is physical reductionism

A

break things in smaller parts, examine in isolation, increasingly reductionist as biomedical knowledge developed (genetic)

32
Q

Name different ways of categorizing disease

A
  1. Infectious
    - person to person
    -airborne
    -vehicle
    -vector
  2. Chronic
    - cardiovascular
    -diabetes
    - cancer
    - chronic respiratory infections
  3. accidents/injuries
33
Q

What is specific etiology?

A
  • each disease has particular cause
  • intervention and treatment will cure disease
  • control causes (drug therapy)
  • remove causes (surgery)
34
Q

How is health status determined

A
  1. judgements of different levels of functioning
  2. participation by different sources of evaluation
  3. different frames of reference
35
Q

What are different ways to conceptualize health?

A
  1. normality
  2. balance
  3. adaption to environment
  4. ability to fulfill daily tasks
  5. being fit
  6. state of physical, mental, social well being
  7. absence of disease
  8. resource for living
36
Q

Explain sense of coherence

A

Orientation of life (increases with time)
1. Comprehensibility - perceives life as making sense
2. manageability 0 expectation that things will work out as reasonably expected
3. Meaningfulness - one fells like life makes sense emotionally
perceived health and quality of life

37
Q

Name key population health concepts

A
  1. preventative vs curative
  2. Focus on social justice and inequities
  3. population vs individual
  4. Decision making based on data and evidence
    determinants, disparities, outcomes
38
Q

What is mind body dualism

A

-Philosophical separation of mind/body
- focus on biophysical body, seen as object
- overlooks other determinants of health (social and psychological

39
Q

Explain illness belief dimensions

A
  1. Causality
  2. Controllability
  3. Susceptibility
  4. Seriousness
    Perceived Susceptibility + Perceived seriousness = perceived threat
40
Q

What is individualized regimen and control?

A
  • disease can be fought/minimized by regimen and control
  • discipline bodies by eating, exercising and managing stress
  • individuals responsible for care and maintenance of bodies
41
Q

What is machine metaphor

A

-specific to western culture
- biophysical machine made up of biophysical model

42
Q

3 goals of participaction

A
  1. social marketing
  2. communications
  3. partnerships
43
Q

What is cross sectional studies

A

Study group chosen to representative of a subgroup of society/cross section of population
Defined population -> Gather data on exposure and disease —->
with exposure and with disease
with exposure without disease
without exposure with disease
without exposure without disease

44
Q

What is a case control study

A
  • Choose group with a disease (cases) and group without (controls)
  • comparison is odds of exposure
    Exposed, not exposed … cases
    Defined population
    Exposed, not exposed … controls
45
Q

What are prospective cohort studies

A

-Follow up people over time
- compare rates of occurrence of disease in people with or without exposure

Defined population ->Choice/circumstance ->Exposed or not exposed ——>
diseased, non diseased
diseased, non diseased

46
Q

Health as absence of disease

A

negative conception, health as what is absent (illness)

47
Q

Health as a resource for living

A

combines social, psychological, physical dimensions and health is asset to be managed

48
Q

Health as fitness

A

being physically active and having healthy body with psychological energy and vitality

49
Q

health as being able to fulfill daily tasks

A

ability to carry out daily tasks and cope with demands of everyday life and social roles

HSCI (2 decks)

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