Final Exam Flashcards
Describe Feminist Paradigm
- Patriarchal… men dominate women
- “gendered” experiences
- What parts played by structural and behavioural determinants shape women and men’s subjective experience of health and illness
- Intersectionality and mixed methods
- Ann Oakley
Describe Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm
- socially constructed product of interactions
-“interpersonal meanings” - How do individuals socially construct meanings of health and illness?
- micro, participant observation, Erving Goffman
Describe conflict paradigm
- capitalist social system of inequity, competing interest groups, power struggles
-“professional constructs” - medical dominance
Explain structural functionalist paradigm
- Harmonious social system with interconnected parts
- “social roles”
- How does the threat of illness pose on stability of social system
- SICK ROLE Talcott Parsons
What are the rights and duties of a sick person?
Rights
1. not their fault
2. temporarily exempt from normal social behaviours
Duties
1. Try to get well ASAP
2. Expected to seek competent help and comply with recommended medical treatment
Describe sociology of the body
- society and social relations shape and are shaped by human bodies
- “embodied cultural facts”
- How have medical discourses of body shaped understandings of body and bodily conduct
- “medical gaze”
- Michel Foucault
Describe life course perspective
- Society dynamic intersection of individual biographies and historical events
-“unfolding across time” - how are current and future health status shaped by past experiences and timing
-LIFE COURSE - Glenn Elder Jr
Why do health, illness, disease change over time?
- physical changes in disease
-change in what’s important (mental health) - Advances in technology
- moral frameworks imposed, new ideas
Describe levels of prevention
- Primordial (everyone, reduce risk, health promotion)
- Primary (susceptible, reduce incidence, remove cause, immunization)
- Secondary (asymptomatic, reduce prevalence, screening, early diagnosis)
- Tertiary (symptomatic, reduce complications, treatment)
How many people have HIV
38.4 million
What is cumulative incidence?
Proportion of people who become diseased specific time period
New cases / people at risk at beginning
What are some types of host factors?
- Behaviours
- Acquired
- Transitory
What does pandemic mean?
Many epidemics that spread outside local region and effecting people in various/all parts of world
What is incidence rate?
Measure of rate of development of a disease in a population
(# new cases)/(person time)
What is an epidemic?
Outbreak of a disease in localized group of people
1. vectors
2. carriers
3. sudden intro of new pathogen
More cases than expected
Describe triad of distribution and triad of causation
Triad of distribution - person, place, time (descriptive)
Triad of causation - Host, Environment, Agent (analytical)
What is the meaning of endemic?
cases are continually occurring in a population
What is prevalence?
Proportion of individuals in a population with disease at given point in time
(# cases all @ pt in time) / total population
Who’s John Snow?
- Cholera outbreaks
- Broad st. pump theory
- epidemiologist
- Map of deaths, found cause was water
How to test for TB?
- TB skin test
- Sputum Smear Microscopy
- Xpert MTB/RIF
How many cases of TB? Dead? highest incidence? highest prevalence? With TB and HIV?
10 million cases
1.8 dead
Large cases = southeast asia
Highest incidence - subsaharan Africa
400,000 w TB and HIV
Explain Rothman’s pie
Many sufficient causes
Necessary cause = needed to cause disease
Component cause = risk factors
What are types of agents and examples?
- Nutritive (niacin)
- Chemical (poisons, drugs)
- Physical (radiation)
- Infectious (virus, bacteria)
What is sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity - how well test classify people with disease as diseased
true positives/number with disease
Specificity - how well test classify people without disease as non-diseased
true negatives / number without disease
Describe TB virus, who gets it?
Slow growing, latent and active
TB in Canada - people from other countries and Indigenous
What is Bradford-Hill and Causality
- Strength of Association - strong association
- Consistency specificity - relationship observed repeatedly
- Temporality - factor before outcome
- Biological gradient/dose response- outcome changes with increasing dose of exposure
Describe the Ottawa charter
1986 - first international health promotion
1. Build healthy public policy - make healthiest choice easiest choice
2. Create supportive environments - encourage reciprocal maintenance
3. Strengthen community action - empowerment of communities
4. Develop personal skills - increase options for control over health and environment
5. Reorient health system - shift from healthcare to population health
What are the applications of epidemiology?
- Identify cause of new syndrome
- Assess risks of exposure
- Determining whether treatment X is effective
- Identifying health service use, needs, trends
- Identify Practical prevention strategies
Describe salutogenic model of health
Aaron Antovonsky - salutary factors at individual and community levels
“Coherence scale”
- Attention to resources and assets capacity to create health
Health = continuous movement from good and ill
What is epidemiology
Study of distribution and determinants of health in specific populations and application is to control health problems
What is physical reductionism
break things in smaller parts, examine in isolation, increasingly reductionist as biomedical knowledge developed (genetic)
Name different ways of categorizing disease
- Infectious
- person to person
-airborne
-vehicle
-vector - Chronic
- cardiovascular
-diabetes
- cancer
- chronic respiratory infections - accidents/injuries
What is specific etiology?
- each disease has particular cause
- intervention and treatment will cure disease
- control causes (drug therapy)
- remove causes (surgery)
How is health status determined
- judgements of different levels of functioning
- participation by different sources of evaluation
- different frames of reference
What are different ways to conceptualize health?
- normality
- balance
- adaption to environment
- ability to fulfill daily tasks
- being fit
- state of physical, mental, social well being
- absence of disease
- resource for living
Explain sense of coherence
Orientation of life (increases with time)
1. Comprehensibility - perceives life as making sense
2. manageability 0 expectation that things will work out as reasonably expected
3. Meaningfulness - one fells like life makes sense emotionally
perceived health and quality of life
Name key population health concepts
- preventative vs curative
- Focus on social justice and inequities
- population vs individual
- Decision making based on data and evidence
determinants, disparities, outcomes
What is mind body dualism
-Philosophical separation of mind/body
- focus on biophysical body, seen as object
- overlooks other determinants of health (social and psychological
Explain illness belief dimensions
- Causality
- Controllability
- Susceptibility
- Seriousness
Perceived Susceptibility + Perceived seriousness = perceived threat
What is individualized regimen and control?
- disease can be fought/minimized by regimen and control
- discipline bodies by eating, exercising and managing stress
- individuals responsible for care and maintenance of bodies
What is machine metaphor
-specific to western culture
- biophysical machine made up of biophysical model
3 goals of participaction
- social marketing
- communications
- partnerships
What is cross sectional studies
Study group chosen to representative of a subgroup of society/cross section of population
Defined population -> Gather data on exposure and disease —->
with exposure and with disease
with exposure without disease
without exposure with disease
without exposure without disease
What is a case control study
- Choose group with a disease (cases) and group without (controls)
- comparison is odds of exposure
Exposed, not exposed … cases
Defined population
Exposed, not exposed … controls
What are prospective cohort studies
-Follow up people over time
- compare rates of occurrence of disease in people with or without exposure
Defined population ->Choice/circumstance ->Exposed or not exposed ——>
diseased, non diseased
diseased, non diseased
Health as absence of disease
negative conception, health as what is absent (illness)
Health as a resource for living
combines social, psychological, physical dimensions and health is asset to be managed
Health as fitness
being physically active and having healthy body with psychological energy and vitality
health as being able to fulfill daily tasks
ability to carry out daily tasks and cope with demands of everyday life and social roles
