More Cold War

Question 1

Soviet satellite sates causes:

Answer 1

USA was ‘buying’ allies in Europe by giving them Marshall Aid, Stalin needed to prevent this so extended his control over Eastern European countries.
Between 1947 and 1949 the USSR spread its influence over Eastern Europe
USSR created a buffer zone between it and Western Europe.
Satellite state countries included: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.

Question 2

Soviet satellite sates effects

Answer 2

The satellite state governments had little power and had to take orders from the USSR about how their country was run
Control was maintained by creating an atmosphere of fear, a ruthless police force and by ensuring leaders obeyed orders from Moscow
Europe was divided between Capitalist West and Communist East

Question 3

Key feautures: Truman Doctrine=words and ideas

Answer 3

Countries had a choice between communism or capitalism
Communism was bad as it meant people were not free
USA had to stop the spread of Communism
To do this it should provide troops and money to countries in danger of communist takeovers

Question 4

Key features:marshall plan=actions

Answer 4

Communism appealed to poor people who wanted money so USA gave European countries more money ‘bribing’ them in to staying capitalist
Countries must trade with the USA to get any money
The USA gave $13 billion in ‘Marshall aid’ to 16 Western European countries
The USSR criticised the Marshall Plan as an attack on them

Question 5

Tehran:success

Answer 5

Stalin wanted USA and UK to attack Germany in France
Then USSR would declare war on Japan when Germany is defeated
USSR have influence in Eastern Europe, USA and UK in Western Europe
Poland would be restored with extra land from Germany

Question 6

Yalta:success with some splits beginning to show

Answer 6

USSR would declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany is defeated.
All allies would work for democracy in Europe
The United Nations should be set up to promote peace
The Nazi party should be banned.

Question 7

Potsdam:lots of tension showing, some agreements made

Answer 7

Germany was to be reduced in size, and divided up in to four quarters between France, UK, USA and USSR.
Nazi’s were to be prosecuted as War Criminals
Poland was part of USSR influence which annoyed UK
Truman tried to take charge and make demands because USA had the Atomic Bomb

Question 8

America has the nuclear bomb causes:

Answer 8

Arms race during WW2 to get ‘ultimate weapon’

Question 9

America has the nuclear bomb effects:

Answer 9

Truman tried to take charge at the Potsdam conference.
Stalin refused to be pushed around by Truman and tensions between USSR and USA increased
Stalin was even more determined to protect the USSR and so he created a ‘buffer zone’ of satellite states.

Question 10

Bizonia/trizonia causes

Answer 10

Division of Germany into 4 ‘zones’ was a short-term deal, a more permanent arrangement in Germany was needed.
Relationship between USA, UK and France was very strong

Question 11

Bizonia/trizonia effects

Answer 11

USA and UK ‘zones’ merged to form Bizonia, then with France Trizonia
Led to the formation of East and West Germany
Led to the Berlin Blockade

Question 12

Formation of East and West Germany Causes:

Answer 12

Failure of Berlin Blockade strengthened Trizonia

Question 13

Formation of East and West Germany causes

Answer 13

Failure of Berlin Blockade strengthened Trizonia

Question 14

Formation of East and West Germany Effects:

Answer 14

Led to the berlin crisis

Question 15

The berlin blockade causes:

Answer 15

The USA wanted Germany to be a strong capitalist country so it could trade with the USA
The USSR wanted Germany to be a divided country so that it could never attack the USSR again
USA, UK and France started making big decisions about their zones in Germany without consulting Stalin, he felt this went against the agreements made at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences

Question 16

Key features of the berlin blockade

Answer 16

The USSR blocked all supplies to Berlin to show it had the power to stop Germany from working (East Germany grew almost all the food that West Germany ate)
The USA, couldn’t pull out of Berlin or it would look weak so instead it responded with an airlift. Thousands of tonnes of supplies were flown in to Berlin

Question 17

Berlin blockade effects

Answer 17

USA looked peaceful and generous. USSR looked aggressive and threatening

Question 18

Churchill ‘iron curtain’ speech causes:

Answer 18

USSR, USA, UK more suspicious of one another

With WW2 over ‘Big 3’ no longer need to be allies as no common enemy

Question 19

Churchill’s iron curtain speech effects:

Answer 19

Stalin responded by calling Churchill a warmonger
Greater tensions between USSR, USA and UK
Led to the secret telegrams in 1946

Question 20

The long telegram and novikov telegram causes

Answer 20

Truman and Stalin concerned over greater tensions and threat of a new war
Both wanted secret reports on what their opponents thought of them

Question 21

Key features of the long and novikov telegram

Answer 21

Long Telegram = Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism, USA should seek to ‘contain’ communism
Novikov Telegram = USA desired to dominate the world, USA was preparing for war, USA did not want to co-operate with USSR

Question 22

Long telegram and novikov telegram effects

Answer 22

Both governments believed they were facing the possibility of war
Many in USA viewed Stalin as the ‘New Hitler’ in that they thought he was preparing for war
Grand Alliance was over

Question 23

The Warsaw pact causes

Answer 23

Formation of NATO meant that Communist countries were threatened and needed to ‘defend’ themselves from the West

Question 24

The Warsaw pact effects

Answer 24

Led to USSR ‘bringing in the tanks’ when countries tried to leave the Warsaw Pact (Hungarian Revolution and Prague Spring)
Created a military alliance of Communist countries

Question 25

De-Stalinisation causes

Answer 25

Stalin died in 1953

Question 26

De- Stalinisation effects

Answer 26

Russia’s new leader Khrushchev promised a more liberal and less oppressive approach to ruling USSR and the Satellite states than that under Stalin

Question 27

Cominform set up in 1947 key features:

Answer 27

Cominform organised all the communist parties in Europe and arranged their leadership so they would do what the USSR told them
It got rid of any opposition to USSR’s control in the satellite states
It encouraged communist parties in Western Europe to protest against Marshall aid

Question 28

Comecon:set up in 1949 key features

Answer 28

Comecon was the USSR version of the Marshall Plan
It was made up of eight countries (USSR and all its satellite states)
It built up trade links between Comecon countries
It prevented Comecon countries from receiving Marshall Aid

Question 29

Comecon effects

Answer 29

After the Marshall Plan and Comecon there were two very different economic groups in the World – Capitalist and Communist.

Question 30

NATO causes:

Answer 30

Formed as a reaction to the Berlin Blockade with the goal to keep USA in Europe and USSR out of Europe

Question 31

NATO key features

Answer 31

NATO members agreed that if any NATO country was attacked they would come to that country’s defence
NATO was a military alliance with the aim of defending the West from Communism

Question 32

NATO effects

Answer 32

USSR responded by creating ‘The Warsaw Pact’

Question 33

Cuban missile crisis effects short term

Answer 33

Cuba survives but feels let down by its USSR allies
USSR looks weak as no one knows about the USA’s secret withdrawal of missiles from Italy and Turkey
USA advisors who advised peace and diplomacy over war look good as they avoided war

Question 34

Cuban missile cris effects long term

Answer 34

The crisis showed how easily a nuclear war could start
Both sides decided to communicate more with each other
Both sides agreed to ban all nuclear weapon testing above ground
In 1963 Kennedy gave a speech about working with USSR on their ‘common interests’
USSR was determined to catch up with USA in the arms race
Khrushchev was forced from power in 1964

Question 35

Hungarian uprising/revolution causes:

Answer 35

1) De-Stalinisation and Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ gave Hungarians hope that there would be reform in Hungary.
2) Matyas Rakosi was a cruel leader, imprisoning 387,000 people, killing 2000.

Question 36

Hungarian uprising/revolution key features

Answer 36

1) Khrushchev made Imre Nagy Prime Minister, 2) Nagy then announced he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact, 3) this led to Khrushchev sending in 200,000 troops and 1,000 tanks.

Question 37

Hungarian uprising/revolution effects

Answer 37

: 1) Hungary remained Communist and Nagy was executed as an example to other communist countries that they could not leave the Warsaw Pact.
2) The USA condemned the invasion but by failing to support Nagy they showed that their commitment to Europe did not include military support. Consequently, other countries were discouraged from trying to leave Communism.

Question 38

Cuban missile crisis causes:

Answer 38

Cuban Revolution: Cuba used to be very friendly and close with America
Then in 1959 a communist revolution in Cuba but Fidel Castro in to power.
America did not like having a communist neighbour so close to its borders and within missile range of its cities
Bay of Pigs incident: On 17th April 1961 American backed troops tried to invade Cuba
It was a complete failure and America looked very bad in the eyes of the other countries in the world
Castro knew about the invasion in advance and had the support of his people.

Question 39

USSR sends missiles to Cuba why

Answer 39

USSR were annoyed that the USA had missile bases in the UK and Turkey that could bomb its cities, they wanted to be able to retaliate against the USA
Cuba saw Soviet missiles as a great way to prevent the USA from invading them again.
Both countries were Communist and so were natural allies against capitalist USA
In September 1962 Soviet ships carried nuclear warheads and missiles to Cuba

Question 40

Cuban missile crisis 13days (october 1962)

Answer 40

16th October Kennedy is informed that US Spy planes have found missiles on Cuba
20th October Kennedy and his advisors decide that a naval blockade of Cuba is better than an attack on Cuba or USSR
24th October USSR says that a blockade is an act of aggression and its ships will ignore it
25th October USA and USSR prepare for immediate nuclear attack
27th October Cuba gets ready for an invasion.
27th October Khrushchev offers to remove missiles from Cuba if USA does the same in Italy and Turkey.
27th October Robert Kennedy sets up a deal in which USA would secretly withdraw its missiles from Italy and Turkey
28th October Khrushchev agrees to the deal but USA has to agree never to attack Cuba again as well

Question 41

Berlin wall/Berlin crisis effects:

Answer 41

It stopped East Germans escaping to the West and ended the refugee crisis
It allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with the USA but still look strong
The wall became a powerful symbol of the division of Germany and the division of Europe.
After Kennedy’s speech in 1963, West Berlin became a symbol of freedom.
Many people in Berlin died trying to escape from the East to the West.

Question 42

Prague spring causes

Answer 42

USSR had affected Czechoslovakia in a negative way after World War Two
Czechoslovakia’s economy and living standards had declined
Any opposition to Communism was crushed
Communist rule had become very unpopular

Czechoslovakia’s new ruler Alexander Dubcek wanted to make reforms.
Dubcek became the leader of Czechoslovakia in January 1968
He was a close friend of USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev
He was a communist and supporter of the Warsaw Pact but wanted to make communism better and easier to live under
He wanted to relax press censorship, make it legal to have more than one political party and give more power to Czechoslovakia than USSR
These reforms resulted in the PRAGUE SPRING which was a period of increased political freedom where people began to criticise communism in Czechoslovakia.

Question 43

Berlin wall/crisis causes

Answer 43

The failure to come up with a long-term solution after the Berlin Blockade meant that inevitably tensions would continue over what to do with Berlin.
USSR was losing the Arms Race so couldn’t use force to threaten USA
To prevent East Berliners from spending money, working and viewing propaganda in the West.
To prevent the ‘Brain Drain’ of well-educated professionals from defecting to the West
To prevent people ‘spying’ on East Berlin
Khrushchev thought it would give him the ‘upper-hand’ in East-West relations.

Question 44

Berlin wall/crisis negotiations

Answer 44

The Geneva Summit – May 1959
No solution agreed but laid groundwork for future talks
Camp David Summit - September 1959
Khrushchev withdraws his 6 month ultimatum, no solution made but agreed to talks the following year
The Paris Summit – May 1960
Disaster! Khrushchev walks out of the summit as an American U2 Spy Plane was shot down whilst spying over Russia.
The Vienna Conference – June 1961
Khrushchev thought he could take advantage of the young US president JFK.

Question 45

Détente causes

Answer 45

The Cuban Missile Crisis almost caused a nuclear holocaust, tensions needed to be eased.

Question 46

Détente key features

Answer 46

1967 Outer Space Treaty stopped the arms race spreading to outer space
1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty agreed that USA and USSR would not supply other countries nuclear weapons (or help them develop them)
SALT 1 (1972) imposed limits on USA and USSR’s nuclear capabilities

Question 47

Détente effects

Answer 47

Apollo-Soyuz Mission (1975) saw USA and USSR co-operation in space
Helsinki Agreements (1975) saw agreements between USA and USSR on Security, Co-operation (economic and scientific) and Human Rights.
It created a period of relative peace from the late 60s and throughout the 70s

Question 48

Collapse of détente/soviet invasion of Afghanistan causes

Answer 48

The Kabul Revolution (April 1978) gave Brezhnev an opportunity to extend his power by invading Afghanistan in the oil-rich Middle East

Question 49

Collapse of Détente/Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan key features

Answer 49

December 1979 Brezhnev invades Afghanistan as he does not trust the new ruler Amin and does not believe that USA will intervene.

Question 50

Collapse of Détente/Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan effects

Answer 50

The Carter Doctrine severely increased tensions between USA/USSR
Led to the ‘Second Cold War’ and Reagan’s ‘Evil Empire’ Speech and Reagan’s Star Wars policy.
War lasts 10 years and 1.5 million are killed including 15,000 Russian soldiers.

Question 51

Prague spring Brezhnev’s response

Answer 51

Brezhnev could not allow the reforms as any weakness in control over the satellite states of Eastern Europe could mean the breaking up of the Warsaw pact
Czechoslovakia cannot be allowed to have more control as then Poland, Hungary, Romania etc… will all want their own control
Brezhnev failed to convince Dubcek to stop through diplomacy
In August 1968 the USSR sent tanks to Prague and Dubcek was arrested.
Czechoslovakia returned to being under strict Soviet control

Question 52

Prague Spring: Effects

Answer 52

The Brezhnev doctrine was established where USSR claimed the right to invade any Eastern European country that was threatening the security of the whole of Eastern Europe.
The USA condemned the invasion but did nothing to stop it because the USA feared a war against USSR
Western European communist parties were horrified about a communist country invading another communist country and declared themselves independent from the Soviet Communist Party
Yugoslavia and Romania became less friendly with the USSR weakening the USSR’s grip on Eastern Europe

Question 53

Reagan and Gorbachev’s changing relationship causes

Answer 53

When Gorbachev became USSR leader in 1985 it was obvious that the USA was in a much stronger position than the USSR

Question 54

Reagan and Gorbachev’s changing relationship key features

Answer 54

Geneva and Reykjavik meetings – Reagan wanted ballistic missiles scrapped but Gorbachev was unwilling to do that without Reagan scrapping SDI.
INF Treaty – 1st treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles of USA/USSR
Gorbachev realised that nuclear missiles were expensive, unnecessary for Russia’s security, by disarming he would win popularity and that the USSR economy would not recover if they spent so much on nuclear weapons.
START 1 – Agreed to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons by a third

Question 55

Reagan and Gorbachev’s changing relationship effects

Answer 55

Greatly increased relationship between USA/USSR

Question 56

The end of the cold war causes

Answer 56

Gorbachev’s policies of Perestroika and Glasnost allowed criticism of Communism in Eastern Europe
Gorbachev’s withdrawing of troops in Eastern Europe to save money, meant protests/revolutions were harder to put down than before

Question 57

The end of the cold war key features

Answer 57

The Fall of the Berlin Wall came to symbolise the end of the Cold War.
Communist governments are defeated in ‘free elections’ all over Eastern Europe.
As the Eastern Bloc disintegrated the Warsaw Pact could no longer survive

Question 58

The end of the cold war effects

Answer 58

In Russia senior government officials known as the ‘Gang of Eight’ try to seize power
Gorbachev officially announced the dissolution of the USSR on 25th December 1991

Question 59

Reagan’s Star Wars causes

Answer 59

The new President Reagan wanted to win the Cold War

Question 60

Reagan’s star wars key features

Answer 60

Reagan wanted to force the USSR to disarm by his new initiative SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative)
Reagan proposed to take the arms race to a new level by proposing a ‘nuclear umbrella’ which would stop Soviet nuclear bombs from reaching US soil
Satellites equipped with lasers would intercept Soviet missiles in space.

Question 61

Reagans’s star wars effects

Answer 61

SDI was a turning point in the arms race, it went against the outer space treaty of 1967.
Because of a poor economy and lack of technology USSR realised that they could no longer compete with USA in the arms race.

Question 62

Gorbachev’s new thinking causes

Answer 62

Soviet economy was failing

Many people in USSR had lost faith with the Communist Party

Question 63

Gorbachev’s new thinking key features

Answer 63

Perestroika (restructuring) – economic reforms designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient
Glasnost (openness) – censorship of the press was to be relaxed
Gorbachev thought Perestroika and Glasnost would Strengthen Communism

Question 64

Gorbachev’s new thinking effects

Answer 64

Led to the break-up of Eastern Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall
As the Eastern Bloc disintegrated the Warsaw Pact could no longer survive