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Question 1

Name some advantages of using MRI

Answer 1

Good soft tissue contrast

Multi planar imaging

No ionising radiation

Question 2

Name some disadvantages of using MRI

Answer 2

Noisy

It takes time to acquire the imaging

Heating risk

Expensive

Question 3

Name advantages of using CT

Answer 3

Good contrast resolution

Quick

Easy to monitor patients

Question 4

Disadvantages of using CT

Answer 4

Higher doses of ionising radiation

Not suitable for pregnant patient

Expensive equipment

Increase risk of allergy

Question 5

Name some advantages of ultrasound

Answer 5

Readily available and quick

Less expensive

Mobile

Images are not affected by metallic Implants

Question 6

Disadvantages of using ultrasound

Answer 6

Operator dependent

High frequencies, which can result in the thermal heating

Limitations of large body Habitus

Require a specialist training

Question 7

Safety risks for ultrasound

Answer 7

They might be allergic to ultrasound gel

Sharp risks

dark small room

Trip hazard from equipment

Question 8

Safety risk with MRI

Answer 8

Sharp risks such as cannula

can be communication error

Projectile risk

Question 9

Safety to risk CT

Answer 9

Dangerous for pregnant patients and staff

Infection control

Communication errors

Question 10

How many safety zones are there for MRI?

Answer 10

Four

Question 11

What are the three types of magnetic fields?

Answer 11

Static magnetic field

Varying magnetic field

Radio frequency magnetic field

Question 12

Name the difference between T1 and T2

Answer 12

T1 fluid is hyper intense and the fat is hyper intense

Question 13

What are the principles of an ultrasound?

Answer 13

The transducer generates pulses of ultrasound waves and sends them to the patient

Organ boundaries and complex tissues produces echoes which is detected by the transducer

The echoes are displayed

Each point an image corresponds to the anatomical location

Brightness corresponds to echo strength

Question 14

What is eGFR

Answer 14

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

Question 15

What does estimated glomerular filtration rate do?

Answer 15

Measures the patient renal function and how well their kidneys excrete

Question 16

What features of positive contrast agents?

Answer 16

Positive attenuate x-rays more than surrounding tissues and the contrast is brighter

Question 17

What do negative contrast agents do?

Answer 17

They attenuate x-rays less than surrounding tissue

And the contrast is darker

Question 18

What is ionic contrast?

Answer 18

When molecules split into positive and negative ions when in a solution

So when it’s injected into a patient, they become two molecules rather than one

The higher the number of particles the higher osmolarity

Question 19

What is non-ionic contrast?

Answer 19

Molecules do not split into positive and negative ions when in a solution

So when injected into a patient, they stay as one molecule which is more stable

Lower osmolarity

Question 20

What is grey matter?

Answer 20

It has made up of nerve cell bodies tightly packed together

Question 21

What is nephrotoxicity?

Answer 21

A drug that can cause damage to the kidneys

Iodine based contrast agents are nephrotoxic

Certain patients are at more of a risk

Question 22

What is chemotoxicity?

Answer 22

Toxicity due to chemical effects
And how the body reacts to the chemical that is put in

Can be related to dose and viscosity

Question 23

What is PGD

Answer 23

Patient group direction

Question 24

What does PGD do?

Answer 24

It’s a legal framework which allows a group of registered health professionals to supply specific medicines to a group of patients

Question 25

Why is PGD necessary

Answer 25

It means that the medication does not need to be prescribed It enhances patient help without compromising patient safety And it is concise and easy to follow

Question 26

What is the piezoelectric effect?

Answer 26

It is the generation of an electric charge in certain materials in response to mechanical stress

Question 27

What is precision and when does it occur?

Answer 27

It is the additional spin of a spinning proton on its axis when exposed to an external magnetic field

Question 28

What is a chaperone and when would it be appropriate to use one in diagnostic imaging procedures?

Answer 28

A chaperone is a impartial observer who has asked to be present during a procedure They are there to protect both the patient and the person doing the examination They would be asked to be present during intimate procedures or when a patient request one

Question 29

Explain the term quench in MRI and when this may happen (6marks)

Answer 29

It is process which liquid helium keeps the superconducting magnet boiled off as a gas By doing this is the superconductivity is lost A quench can occur spontaneously if there is equipment failure It can be initiated via an emergency quench button in the control room when a ferromagnetic object has been attracted to the magnet

Question 30

Describe which parts of the brain are made up of grey matter and how these can be visualised on a CT axial brain image (6 marks)

Answer 30

The cerebellum, basil ganglia, superficial cerebrum are made up of grey matter The deep cerebellum and cerebrum, internal capsule and corpus callosum are made up of white matter Grey matter appears a lighter shade of grey than the white matter This is because of the high number of cell bodies which are more dense

Question 31

What does ABCDE stand for as part of the patient assessment?

Answer 31

A- airway B- breathing C-circulation D-disability E-exposure

Question 32

Explain what contraindications means and how we can identify these for cross-sectional imaging examinations

Answer 32

It is the reason for a person to not have a procedure as there is a risk of harm Completion of safety questionnaire to identify

Question 33

What is anaphylaxis?

Answer 33

It is vasogenic shock And it can be life-threatening It is a reaction to contrast

Question 34

Name three signs associated with anaphylactic shock

Answer 34

Rash Vomiting Breathing problems Throat and tongue swell

Question 35

Why may patient undergoing imaging may be our risk of anaphylactic shock And how do we identify if a patient is at high risk?

Answer 35

Patient undergoing diagnostic imaging may be given contrast agent as part of the examination Identify conditions such as diabetes because slower functioning kidneys may be at risk of a reaction And communicating to the patient if they’ve had a contrast before And check-in clinical history

Question 36

What is mental capacity?

Answer 36

The ability for someone to make decisions for themselves

Question 37

Describe the safe patient preparation for a patient undergoing a contrast CT scan who lacks mental capacity

Answer 37

Radiographer introduces themselves to the patient to see if they can communicate effectively Correct ID of the patient Clear explanation of the procedure See if they understand the procedure And check the medical history