Morals/Ethics Flashcards

Question

What is the cruel commands argument

Answer 1

god can command humans to harm each other (for their own sake), then there could be a universe in which it is morally wrong to avoid making others suffer but that goes against our logical understanding of morals

Answer 2

there is one moral code that is true that applies to all agents

Answer 3

a denial of moral absolutism or a privileged moral code, as moral rules change and differ among the context of the group e.g cultural and historical factors

Answer 4

a system of rules for behaviour that a person or group might or might not accept at a given time, they often prescribe conditions where it is appropriate to feel guilt, shame, etc particularly when not complying with the rules

Answer 5

a body capable of condoning which actions to perform in given situations

Answer 6

single agent that perform a specific action at a specific time

Answer 7

kind of action

Answer 8

'there is no measure of right and wrong other than the standards of ones society'

Answer 9

someone who disagrees with and tries to change some aspect of their society's moral code

Answer 10

cultures with violence (that is unjust and unbeneficial) cannot be condemned

Answer 11

moral reformers causing moral progress or regression occurring in many cultures

Answer 12

theory that the only relevant answer to morality is an actions consequence

Answer 13

persons ought to promote and prioritise their own individual wellbeing

Answer 14

considers the morality and its impacts upon the world and everyone included within it

Answer 15

consequentialist, welfarist and impartialist moral theory, the moral right thing to do is consider what are the best outcomes (pleasure) for the world

Answer 16

the wellbeing and pleasure is main factors of morality and value

Answer 17

the calculations of net pleasure over pain each decision has

Answer 18

has an objective code, captures relativity (dependant on context), compatible with moral progress, compatible with god or godless world

Answer 19

hard to build close relations, impractical, bigoted, punish the innocent, collective action, organ problem, loneliest person

Answer 20

define the action, define the agents maxim, restate maxim in a generalised form, imagine it as a universal law, determine if there would b a clash or contradiction in that scenario

Answer 21

after the kantian checklist is completed if there is contradiction then it is morally wrong

Answer 22

a rule an agent makes for oneself (and its reasoning)

Answer 23

lack of formalism, abstract (assumptions made), eradicating poverty, specificity problem, jointly impossible

Answer 24

false antecedent, practical contradiction interpretation

Answer 25

If... (antecedent) then... (consequent) antecedent - scenario, consequent (rule of)

Answer 26

If one wishes to do something that would be made impossible and therefore doesn't achieve his goal. It would be morally wrong Mark lines up for the metal concert and wants to be early, if his maxim is that when there's a concert he will line up before everyone. This cannot be applied universally because not everyone can be first lined up.

Answer 27

*his goal is improbable but not impossible *he could better word his maxim to better reflect his goal

Answer 28

one can make their act-token more specific to the point it can be considered morally permissible or even morally right. For example, in the lying promise they make it they only lie when the person they are asking has committed a crime but that doesn't undo the fact she is lying.

Answer 29

a rich person (Mr Beast) has a maxim that when I see a homeless person I will give them money to help them, after applying the Kantian checklist if it was a universal law then there would be no homeless people. Meaning he can help no one so it is 'contradictory'

Answer 30

as long as the individual has a maxim with an antecedent and consequent, and they are always wanting to will this maxim it does not matter that it 'contradicts' through lack of action as it is a valid maxim and still willing to their maxim

Answer 31

what makes a universal law contradictory is it's goal. As long as the act-token does not contradict their goal it is morally right

Answer 32

an act-token, x, is morally right if and only if in performing x, the agent does not treat any person as a mere means and is consistent with treating all persons as ends in themselves

Answer 33

their consent/dissent is not important or impactful as you are using them for a particular purpose

Answer 34

see that all people are valuable and has an end, meaning they have their own goals and hopes

Answer 35

best explain judgement, explains and highlights the moral importance of consent

Answer 36

it is difficult to define people as mere means, can be abused

Answer 37

If an action will have a morally bad side-effect, it is morally permissible as long as it is unintended

Answer 38

The Good Place when Michael wants to save everyone, if he achieves this through consciously killing Shawn it is morally wrong. Is it lawful for a person to kill another in self-defence. They must intent good effect (their own safety), harm is not directly intended (they do not want to harm the aggressor), no more harm than necessary is caused (doesn't torture aggressor), good outweighs bad (e.g your a good person and they are a criminal)

Answer 39

*direct intent of the act is good *foreseeable harm is not directly intended *good effect is sufficiently good to outweigh the harm *no more harm than necessary is caused

Answer 40

one can intend for targets to simply be inoperative despite knowing their likely death

Answer 41

*forcing one into quarantine during their dissent is treating them as a mere means *if FH is true then the act would be morally wrong *but this is not the case due to the harm outcome *therefore FH is not true

Answer 42

that are dispositions of people's character traits

Answer 43

they affect our choices and behaviour; one must act in certain ways, for certain reasons, whole heartedly (willingly and wanting to) and feel certain emotions

Answer 44

the balance that should be aimed for with virtues. there's deficiency, intermediate and excess

Answer 45

right time, right things, right people, right end, in the right way and is intermediate in the best condition

Answer 46

a flourishing life; they are in good health, growing and living their best rational life

Answer 47

*it could be a misunderstanding *perfect agent would know which virtue is weightier *just because one virtue is at the forefront doesnt mean it lacks another virtue

Answer 48

lingering feelings and personal discord from moral distress continuing after an event

Answer 49

one true moral theory, pluralist, moral analogy

Answer 50

has multiple moral theories that support the theory in varying directions, must have no weightier counter veiling moral theory

Answer 51

describe why Y is wrong (has general agreement), identify features of Y, creating a moral principles of Y features, show how act-token X shares them. Must have no weightier opposing considerations. (Y is the analogy)

Answer 52

two people committed a crime and are interrogated. if neither snitch they both get 1 year, if both snitch they both get 10 years, if one snitches they go free and the other gets life sentence.

Answer 53

collectively the best choice is both remain silent, individually the best choice is to snitch on the other as then there is no chance of life in prison. this shows the incentive of the situation which positions the agents rationality to strip another agent of their privacy (snitching)

Answer 54

Read through for main parts and background Reread for if conclusions are stated and logical Skim read for points and ideas Structure the premises and conclusion Tidy for concise premises and conclusion Analyse whether the argument is sound Write analysis

Answer 55

if they have the same functionality and same levels of consciousness (experience) but differ in substrate (form) they still have the same moral status

Answer 56

the sum of the probability if each outcome and total utility of the outcomes within an act-token probability of outcomes x total utility/pleasure of outcomes

Answer 57

even though there are dangerous scenarios, utility is maximised therefore it is the rational choice

Answer 58

dangerous scenarios maximises E(X), so it is rational to follow through with that option

Answer 59

unconditional moral obligation