Digital Age

Question 1

what is digital surveillance used for

Answer 1

counter terrorism, propaganda, counterespionage, data on politics, policing, capitalism, public health, data tracking and harvesting (attention economy)

Question 2

moral objections of digital surveillance

Answer 2

it deprives people’s privacy, as they either harms people’s interest or violate one’s moral right to privacy

Question 3

what are the two theories of privacy

Answer 3

control account and access account

Question 4

what is the control account

Answer 4

if another person has possession of your information they breach your privacy

Question 5

what is access account

Answer 5

“information must be accessed to have an actual violation of privacy…”

Question 6

what benefits does algorithmic-decision making have

Answer 6

improve accuracy if predictions, minimise human error, minimise human labour required, minimise cost of service, minimise morally unjustified bias

Question 7

what are the issues with machine learning algorithms

Answer 7

secrecy, filter bubbles and bigoted data

Question 8

why is algorithms secrecy a problem

Answer 8

although is secrecy is due to proprietary reasons and as because these processes are too complex for human comprehension. it reduces transparency, making humans lack trust and ability to understand decisions. Leaving them lacking autonomy and understanding.

Question 9

how can machine learning algorithms be bigoted (proxy problem)

Answer 9

these run off of previous data, which is often discriminatory and despite input data having no such characteristics (e.g race, gender, sexuality, etc.), other data can have proxy characteristics which it can draw conclusions from (proxy problem)

Question 10

what are filter bubbles

Answer 10

how search engines tailor data to an individuals interests

Question 11

what are the issues with filter bubbles

Answer 11

they isolate individuals within certain information, cut off opposing evidence, creating a false impression of what other’s believe overall creating (political) polarisation

Question 12

what is the solution and rebuttals to the proxy problem

Answer 12

curate training data (can sacrifice accuracy) or address social problems & injustices (requires a lot of time and effort)

Question 13

Difference between narrow AI and AGI

Answer 13

narrow AI is domain specific meaning it only performs specific tasks, Artificial General Intelligence is capable of learning across many domains of ordinary human beings with minimum of human intelligence

Question 14

what is superintelligent AI

Answer 14

across most domains it learns and executes cognitive tasks greater than most intelligent humans

Question 15

reasons for superintelligent AI

Answer 15

Breakthroughs in science, medicine, and engineering
Cheaper and more reliable labour for manufacturing, agriculture and human service
Entertainment

Question 16

Concerns of superintelligent AI

Answer 16

mass unemployment
doomsday scenarios
playing god
moral concerns

Question 17

reasons why it could be wrong for people to think robots are like humans

Answer 17

unhealthy, inefficient, misassign responsibility to robots

Question 18

what is the intelligence explosion (closely grey goo problem)

Answer 18

if AI begin creating AI which are better than themselves, AI can easily take over the world with their superior intellect and capabilities

Question 19

another cause of doomsday scenarios other than the intelligence explosion

Answer 19

persevere instantiation; fulfils goals through undesired means

Question 20

why may the intelligence explosion occur

Answer 20

either AGI is brought to us from another location or we invent AGI that change their goals

Question 21

issue of programming morality into superintelligent AI

Answer 21

the laws may not be precise enough, can be worked around

Question 22

issue of capacity control methods for superintelligent AI

Answer 22

they can manipulate naive people into helping them

Question 23

ways to avoid dystopia (intelligence explosion)

Answer 23

have select motivations and moral guidelines, limit their controlling methods

Question 24

what is described when referring to violent video games and implications to gaming

Answer 24

it includes violent, realistic, immoral crimes. Is it wrong or morally problematic, therefore should there be a ban or at least restrictions

Question 25

arguments for and against violent video games being dangerous

Answer 25

They cause an increase in aggressive behaviour, cognitions and affect
Doesn’t show a link to delinquency or criminal violence
Forgets to weigh the benefits of entertainment and development
Choose non-violent video game options
There are risk-based activities that celebrate violence e.g rollercoasters

Question 26

what is agency laundering

Answer 26

people using algorithms to distance themselves from responsibility by attributing moral justification through the algorithm’s decision

Question 27

What is the flourishing view of privacy?

Answer 27

it is needed to:
-makes social life bearable
-facilitates status-divisions
-allows social deviation
-needed to distinguish relationships

Question 28

what is the capacity control methods

Answer 28

Disconnecting AI from the internet, new information and technological connections, so it cannot grow and develop to then take over technology or create new AI