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PHILOSOPHY > MORAL PHILOS DEFINITIONS > Flashcards

MORAL PHILOS DEFINITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Tyranny of the Majority

A

the unjust exercise of power by majority of people over a minority who have different values or desires.

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2
Q

Intentions

A

One’s aims or plans

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3
Q

Moral Integrity

A

Having consistent moral or values which will not be compromised.

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4
Q

Partiality

A

Preferring some people over other people e.g. family.

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5
Q

Bentham’s utility/ hedonic calculus

A

The means of calculating pleasures and pains caused by an action and adding them up on a single scale. The amount of happiness produced is the sum of everyone’s pleasure minus everyone’s pains. The criteria include duration and intensity.

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6
Q

Descriptive ethics

A

what IS the case, Describes and compares different ethical practices without judgement

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7
Q

Normative ethics

A

what SHOULD be the case, Attempts to set up or question standards or systems for judging what’s right or wrong

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8
Q

Deontological

A

Decides what’s good or bad and depending on the actions of the person

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9
Q

Teleological

A

Decides what’s good or bad depending on the Consequences of the actions

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10
Q

Hedonism

A

the only thing that is intrinsically good is pleasure and the only thing that’s intrinsically bad is pain. Any other good is only instrumentally good.

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11
Q

Intrinsically vs instrumentally

A

intrinsically- “in and of itself” will always be good vs instrumentally- only good when you let it be good and use it.

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12
Q

Psychological Hedonism

A

the belief that humans are motivated by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

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13
Q

Moral Hedonism

A

the right action is that which maximises pleasure and minimises pain. This says that humans don’t see pleasure but OUGHT to seek pleasure

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14
Q

Hedonistic Utilitarianism

A

what is right, and what we ought to do, is that which promotes pleasure for the greatest number of people.

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15
Q

The principle of Utility

A

the good is that which brings about the greatest sum of pleasure or the least sum of pain for the greatest number.

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16
Q

Egalatarian

A

No one persons pleasure is greater than another

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17
Q

Bentham said:

A

Everybody is to count for one, and nobody for more than one.

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18
Q

QUANTTIATIVE:

A

Measuring the quantity of pleasure rather than the quality.

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19
Q

RELATIVIST:

A

Pleasure is dependent upon the circumstances and the type of pleasure. (the opposite of an absolutist which has fixed ideas)

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20
Q

The scale of Hedonic Calculus

A

DURATION-how long does it last?

REMOTENESS- how near/ far you are from the pleasure.

PURITY- how free from pain is the pleasure?

RICHNESS- will it lead to further pleasures?

INTENSITY- how strong or intense is the pleasure?

CERTAINTY- how probable or certain to happen is the pleasure?

EXTENT- how many people will be affected?

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21
Q

ACT UTILITARIANISM:
BENTHAM

A

Relativist: assesses each individual situation on its own merits with the aim of promoting the greatest happiness for the people involved.

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22
Q

RULE UTILITARIANISM:
MILL

A

Uses the “Principle of Utility” to generate Rules.

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23
Q

STRONG RULE UTILITARIANISM:

A

Utilitarian’s should establish a set of rules and should always stick to them even if they don’t always give the most happiness for the most people. ABSOLUTIST

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24
Q

WEAK RULE UTILITARIANISM

A

Says that you should follow the established set of rules UNLESS necessary in order to create the most happiness for the most people. RELATIVIST

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25
Q

Higher Pleasures:

A

are enriching pleasures that help you e.g. writing, reading, reading; they are something a human can do but an animal cannot.

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26
Q

Lower pleasures:

A

Pleasures that come from the body e.g. eating, sex, drinking (alcohol). These are “bestial” in the sense that all animals enjoy these things.

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27
Q

Preference Utilitarianism:

A

Not be concerned to maximise pleasure, instead you should take into account everyone’s preferences and maximise the chance that everyone’s preferences are maximised instead.

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28
Q

Deontological

A

claims that actions are right and wrong in themselves, not dependent on their consequences. We have moral duties (Deon) to do things which is right to do and moral duties not to do things which it is wrong to do.

29
Q

Good Will:

A

is the intention to do the right action for its own sake, without any other motivation. It is the only thing that is morally good without qualification.

30
Q

A qualification

A

means to say but. Intelligence is good, but only if you use the intelligence to benefit the world. So, here, Kant is saying that nothing can be completely good, there is always a but to what we say is good. Such as intelligence, happiness, money etc…

31
Q

Kant proposes:

A

“nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be good without qualification, except a Good Will.”

32
Q

“deontological”

A

comes from the Greek work Deon, meaning duty or “one must”.
Actions are right and wrong inn themselves, not based on their consequences

33
Q

Rationalists:

A

innate knowledge of moral principles implanted into us by God or other means, like from birth, and discoverable by reason.

34
Q

Empiricists:

A

Morality is a human creation and is fundamentally based on desire. It is about allowing us to love harmoniously and is discoverable through experience.

35
Q

Acting out of duty

A

doing the right action with a good will- for the sole reason that it is your duty.

36
Q

Acting out of accordance with duty

A

doing the right action- but for any other reason.

37
Q

general duties

A

a duty we have towards someone

38
Q

specific duties

A

duties we have because of our relationships e.g., to provide for our children.

39
Q

Duty:

A

Duties are obligations we have towards something or someone.

40
Q

Contradiction in will:

A

this is where willing a certain maxim would be contradictory, not because it leads to a logical contradiction, but because it leads to something it would be irrational to want. If a maxim fails the contradiction in will, its negation becomes an imperfect duty.

41
Q

Contradiction in conception:

A

a maxim is wrong if willing everyone to act on it would somehow be self-contradictory. If a maxim fails the contradiction in conception, its negation becomes a perfect duty.

42
Q

Perfect duties:

A

something that you are expected to do all the time.

43
Q

Imperfect duties:

A

something that you are expected to do some of the time.

44
Q

Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative:

A

“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or the person of another, always as an end, and never simply as a means.”

45
Q

The First formulation of the categorical imperative:

A

“I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.”

46
Q

Categorical Imperative:

A

absolute commands we are obliged to follow in all circumstances are categorical and only these imperatives are moral. As rational agents we can work out the categorical imperative by asking whether the maxim that lies behind our action is universalizable and treats people as ends in themselves.

47
Q

Hypothetical Imperative:

A

An imperative is a command or order, a hypothetical imperative is a statement about what you ought to do, on the assumption of some desire or goal/ outcome. If you want to pass your exams, you ought to study hard.

48
Q

good

A

what is good provides a standard of evaluation and what we what we should aim for in our actions and lives.

49
Q

right

A

what is right is the correct moral action according to a particular theory

50
Q

Action-centred theories

A

theories that asks what makes an action good.

51
Q

Agent-centred theories

A

theories that ask what makes an agent good. AKA: character-based ethics.

52
Q

Eudaimonia

A

humans flourishing. Living well and faring well in society.

53
Q

Holistic

A

thinking about actions, intentions, emotions and character.

54
Q

Ergon (purpose)

A

the proper function; the characteristic activity that something was made to do. E.g., a knife’s ergon is to cut.

55
Q

Arete

A

excellence or virtue. This refers to how well something fulfils its purpose/ ergon

56
Q

Virtue

A

character traits or states of a person that enables them to achieve some good purpose, especially living a morally good life. Aristotle argues that virtues are traits in accordance with reason

57
Q

Vice

A

a trait that is morally bad. Aristotle argues that vices are dispositions to feel or choose not on the mean (average), but either too much or too little.

58
Q

Traits

A

a characteristic or a disposition or a trait is a tendency to behave, habitually and reliably, in a particular way, so, for example, we say someone is kind when they are kind to others -all the time-.

59
Q

Intellectual virtues

A

qualities of the mind developed through instruction. E.g., prudence, knowledge

60
Q

Moral virtues

A

virtues that are cultivated by habit and practice. To become a generous person, you must get in the habit of being generous. You cannot simply be taught about generosity to become a generous person.

61
Q

The Golden Mean

A

to find the midpoint being having too much and too little of a trait. Here, you will find the virtue.

62
Q

The Doctrine of the Mean

A

a virtue requires us to feel, choose, and act in an “intermediate” way, between deficiency and excess. E.g., self-control as a virtue has indecisiveness as its deficiency, and impulsiveness as its excess.

63
Q

Voluntary Acts

A

we act voluntarily when we act as we choose. We know what we are doing, and we bring it about ourselves.

64
Q

Involuntary Acts

A

an act is involuntary if it is either forced or done from ignorance that is not culpable (especially if it is regretted after, once the ignorance is removed).

65
Q

Non-Voluntary Act

A

an action is non-voluntary if it is done from ignorance, and if the ignorance is lifted, the agent does not regret the action.

66
Q

Mixed Voluntary Acts

A

Acts which can fall into different sections in the long-term and short-term.

67
Q

Telos:

A

The end, purpose, or goal of something. Aristotle used this term to refer to the inherent purpose of each thing, the ultimate reason for each thing to be the way it is.

68
Q
A

PHILOSOPHY (3 decks)

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