EPISTEMOLOGY DEFINS

Question 1

Acquaintance Knowledge

Answer 1

Knowing of– recognition, familiarity. E.g. knowing a person

Question 2

Ability Knowledge

Answer 2

Knowing how- skills E.g. riding a bike

Question 3

Propositional Knowledge

Answer 3

Knowing that- knowledge of the truth or falsity of propositions. E.g. WW2 started in 1939.

Question 4

Necessary Conditions E.g. Being 18 is necessary to vote, but you need to be a UK citizen too.

Answer 4

Something which MUST be true for something to follow, but is not enough on its own.

Question 5

Sufficient Conditions E.g. heaving your head chopped off is sufficient to die.

Answer 5

a condition which- if true- is enough for something else to follow.

Question 6

Tripartite

Answer 6

Belief, Truth, Justification is necessary for Knowedge

Question 7

Plato’s definition of Knowledge

Answer 7

Knowledge is justified true belief
S knows that P iff:
S believes that P
P is true
S’s belief that P is justified

Question 8

Real essence

Answer 8

this is something referred to as a “natural” kind. E.g. water, pens, gold…

Question 9

Nominal essence

Answer 9

This is something that has variation and subjectiveness to its definition. E.g. dessert, weeds, monsters…

Question 10

Conceptual Analysis

Answer 10

this is used to find definitions for complex terms. One way to do this is to list the necessary and sufficient conditions for having that one thing.

Question 11

ZAGZEBSKI’s What to avoid when making definitions:

Answer 11

Circular: using the term being defined
Obscure: must not be complicated
Negative: cannot say what it is NOT.
Ad Hoc: cannot be tailored to counter a specific problem.

Question 12

Gettier cases

Answer 12

Gettier is trying to show that J+B+T do not always equal K

Question 13

Epistemology

Answer 13

The study of Knowledge

Question 14

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS:

Answer 14

The premises are logically linked to the conclusion, in such a way that IF the premises are true the conclusion MUST be true ~~ The truth of the premises GUARANTEE the truth of the conclusion.

Question 15

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS:

Answer 15

The truth of the premises do not necessarily lead to the truth of the conclusion. They give reason and support to believe the conclusion.

Question 16

Sound argument

Answer 16

A true argument with valid premises

Question 17

Unsound argument

Answer 17

An argument that is invalid or with at least one untrue premises.

Question 18

Valid argument

Answer 18

logical argument in which the premises provide conclusive reasons for the conclusion

Question 19

invalid argument

Answer 19

The premises do not provide conclusive reason for the conclusion.

Question 20

strong argument

Question 21

Perception:

Answer 21

The process by which we become aware of the external world, through our senses.

Question 22

External World:

Answer 22

For each individual, the external world is everything that exists outside of that individuals mind.

Question 23

Realist:

Answer 23

If you are a realist, you believe it exists independently of our minds. (real)

Question 24

Anti-realist:

Answer 24

you believe that something is mind-dependent- it only exists if you think about it

Question 25

Direct Realism Spec Definition:

Answer 25

the immediate objects of perception are mind-independent objects and their properties.

Question 26

Direct realism about the external world:

Answer 26

realists believe that the external world exists outside of our mind. Direct refers to the process of our perception of these objects. Our perception is direct and unmediated. The way objects appear to us is the way they really are- they have all the properties we perceive them to have.

Question 27

Unmediated:

Answer 27

there’s nothing happening in between us and the object. Nothing else occurs to change our perception of the object.