MORAL (Issues, Decision, Judgement and Dilemma)

Question 1

refers to a problem or situation
that requires individuals or organizations to make decisions based on ethical considerations of right and wrong. It involves personal beliefs and
values that guide behavior.

Answer 1

MORAL ISSUES

Question 2

often used to
refer to those particular situations that are often the source of considerable and inconclusive debate

Answer 2

ISSUE

Question 3

is a choice made based on
a person’s ethics, manners, character, and what they believe is proper behavior.

Answer 3

MORAL DECISION

Question 4

refers to a decision about
what one should do in a morally problematic situation, what is right and what is wrong when deciding what to do.

Answer 4

MORAL JUDGEMENT

Question 5

is a situation that involves a choice, decision, act/action, solution that may include an unpleasant problem or situation where you feel you simply do not know what to do or which way to turn.

Answer 5

MORAL (ETHICAL) DILEMMA

Question 6

Introduces the use of REASON and IMPARTIALITY

Answer 6

MORAL REASONING MODEL

Question 7

The basis for an action or decision

Answer 7

Reason

Question 8

Equal treatment of all

Answer 8

IMPARTIALTITY

Question 9

STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISION
MAKING PROCESS

Answer 9

1. Gather the facts
2. Define the ethical issues
3. Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4. Identify the consequences
5. Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6. Consider your character and integrity
7. Think creatively about potential actions
8. Check your gut
9. Decide on the pipper ethical action and be prepared to deal with opposing arguments.

Question 10

− Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
− Questions to ask: Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How.
− However, facts may be difficult to find
because of the uncertainty often found
around ethical issues, Some facts are not
available.
− Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
− Clarify what assumptions you are making

Answer 10

GATHER THE FACTS

Question 11

− Don’t jump to solutions without first
identifying the ethical issue(s) in the
situation.
− Define the ethical basis for the issue you
want to focus on.
− There may be multiple ethical issues -focus on one major one at a time

Answer 11

DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)

Question 12

− Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary or indirect
stakeholders?
− Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
− Perspective-taking–Try to see things
through the eyes of those individuals
affected

Answer 12

IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES

Question 13

− Think about potential positive and negative consequences for affected parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
− What are the magnitude of the consequences
and the probability that the consequences will happen.
− Short term vs. Long term consequences will decision be valid over time.
− Broader systemic consequences-tied to
symbolic and secrecy

Answer 13

IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES

Question 14

Each decision
sends a message.

Answer 14

Symbolic consequences

Question 15

What are the
consequences if the decision or action
becomes public?

Answer 15

Secrecy consequences

Question 16

− Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A. What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as
you would have them do unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the given context.
B. What obligations are created because of the specific rights of the stakeholders?
What rights are more basic vs. secondary in nature? Which help protect an individual’s basic autonomy? What types of rights are involved -negative or positive?
C. What concepts of justice (fairness) are
relevant-distributive or procedural justice?
Did you consider any relevant cognitive
barriers/biases?

Answer 16

IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES, RIGHTS AND JUSTICE ISSUES

Question 17

− Consider what your relevant community
members would consider to be the kind of
decision that an individual of integrity would make in this situation.
− What specific virtues are relevant in the
situation?
− Disclosure rule-what would you do if the
Media reported your action and everyone
was to read it.
− Think about how your decision will be
remembered when you are gone. Did you
consider any relevant cognitive
biases/barriers?
− What decision would you come to based
solely on character considerations

Answer 17

CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER & INTEGRITY

Question 18

− Be sure you have not been unnecessarily forced into a corner
− You may have some choices or alternatives that have not been considered
− If you have come up with solutions “a” and “b,” try to brainstorm and come up with a “c” solution that might
− satisfy the interests of the primary parties involved in the situation

Answer 18

THINK CREATIVELY ABOUT POTENTIAL ACTIONS

Question 19

one side definitely weighs heavier than the other side. This is out of a person’s ethical thinking on how he can
manage to balance his choices.

Answer 19

Epistemic Dilemma

Question 20

all options are on the
same weight. It is like a dark path that we have no choice but to cross.

Answer 20

Ontological Dilemma

Question 21

is when a person
knows that two promises are conflicted therefore
it is caused by the agents’ wrongdoings.

Answer 21

Self-imposed moral dilemma

Question 22

the agent is
thrown into the dilemma without being
responsible for it occurring.

Answer 22

World-imposed moral dilemma

Question 23

are choice situations in
which all feasible actions are wrong.

Answer 23

Prohibition dilemmas

Question 24

are choice
situations in which each of two feasible but
incompatible actions is obligatory.

Answer 24

Obligation moral dilemmas

Question 25

as both conflicting
obligations.

Answer 25

Single agent Dilemma

Question 26

occurs in situations that
involve several persons like a family, an
organization, or a community who is expected to come up with consensual decision on a moral issue at hand.

Answer 26

Multi-person Dilemma

Question 27

3 STEPS IN ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

Answer 27

Step 1: Gather Information. Before you make any decision, you need to gather all the valuable information…
Step 2: Interpret the Facts.
Step 3: Look at the Opportunity/Options and Decide.