MOR Flashcards
1
Q
What is Morphology? What does it study? Basic unit?
A
Morphology is a linguistic discipline that studies the structure of word and the ways words are formed, its basic unit is - morpheme
2
Q
What is syntax?
A
a linguistic discipline that studies the structure of sentences and phrases
3
Q
What is a morpheme?
A
Morpheme is the smallest unit that carries meaning
4
Q
How do we classify morphemes?
A
There are free and bound morphemes, free morphemes can stand independently - functional and lexical and bound morphemes are dependent - inflectional and derivational morphemes
5
Q
What is a paradigm?
A
- A set of forms having a common root or stem, of which one form must be selected in certain grammatical environments.
- The set of substitutional relationships a linguistic unità has with other units in a specific context
6
Q
Do inflectional morphemes affect the parts of speech of words?
A
No, only derivational do. Inflectional morphemes affect the case, tense, person, number (aspect)
7
Q
Which class of morphemes is open to adding new words?
A
Free lexical morphemes
8
Q
What belongs to lexical and what to functional morphemes? (parts of speech,…)
A
Lexical - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Functional - determiners, auxiliaries, prepositions, pronouns, modals
9
Q
Why we can’t say a morpheme = a word?
A
Morpheme is the smallest unit which carries a meaning, word can contain more morphemes for example a word unbelievable - contains 3 morphemes
10
Q
Are there smaller elements than morphemes?
A
Yes but they are meaningless
11
Q
How many morphemes are in the word “category”? Is “cat” a morpheme in this word? Why yes, why not?
A
The word “category” has 1 morpheme - category, cat is not a morpheme because the sum of the parts/morphemes wouldn’t make any sense together.
12
Q
How many morphemes does the word “antidisestablishmentarianism” have?
A
6 - anti, dis, establish, ment, arian, ism
13
Q
What is an affix?
A
It’s a morpheme that can be added to a base of a word. Prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, infixes
14
Q
Do you know how many inflectional morphemes are there in English?
A
Only 8 :o
plural s, possessive ‘s, 3rd person sg s, -ed (past tense), -ing (present participle), -en (past participle), -er (comparative), -est (superlative)
15
Q
What is derivation?
A
A process of creating a new word by changing its meaning and/or word category
16
Q
How can any sentence member be analyzed?
A
from the perspective of semantic role, sentence function, form / type of phrase
17
Q
What does a semantic role analyze?
A
Its meaning
18
Q
What semantic roles do we know?
A
agent, patient, experiencer, recipient, possessor, location, time
19
Q
What sentence functions do you know?
A
subject, predicate, object of P, direct object - patient, indirect object - recipient, adverbial, subject complement, object complement, attribute
20
Q
What Phrases do you know?
A
Noun Phrase - NP - my brother, this car.
Verb Phrase - VP - went on a trip
Adj/Adv Phrase - AP - so quick, more hungry than me
Prepositional Phrase - PP - in the corner
21
Q
Is semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning the same thing? Explain
A
No it is not. Pragmatic meaning is generated by the contex of the discourse, semantic meaning is the literal meaning of the expression - can you open the window? - semantically - are you able to open it? pragmatically - a request
22
Q
Can we say subject = agent and object = patient?
A
NO! STOP ASKING ME STUPID QUESTIONS!!
subject and object are grammatical functions, agent and patient are semantic roles, therefore it’s not the same concept
23
Q
What is a predicate?
A
A clause without the subject (VP) - likes studying English
24
Q
What is the difference between lexical and structural ambiguity?
A
Lexical ambiguity - (polysemy, homonymy) 1 word is ambiguous - has more meanings - e.g. “lie”
Structural ambiguity - affects the whole sentence not ust words, the meaning of the whole sentence may differ according to its structure - chase people on bikes
25
What are the criteria for establishing parts of speech?
Phonetic (pronunciation - the stress depends on parts of speech)
Semantic (meaning of the word) - unreliable
Morphological (inflectional and derivational morphology)
Syntactic (based on distribution of a word in a sentence and its relationship with other words in a sentence)
26
Name the parts of speech in English
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions, auxiliaries, modals
27
Can one word express different parts of speech? Give example.
yes... duh...
drink - I want another drink, I shouldn't drink all this vodka but u know me... I will
28
How do we divide nouns?
Nouns - common and proper (Egypt, Zuzana,...)
common than to - count and noncount and then both to concrete and abstract.
concrete count - pig
abstract count - idea
concrete noncount - butter
abstract noncount - time
29
What categories do English nouns have?
case, number, countability, gender (animacy), determination
30
How many cases are there in English?
pronouns - 3 (subject case, object case, genitive case)
| nouns - 2 (common case, genitive case)
31
What is the difference between proper nouns and common count concrete singular nouns?
Proper nouns can be used without determiner whereas common count concrete singular need some determiner - a pig, the pig
32
What does it mean if we say that the Czech has 7 cases?
That for 1 noun there are 7 different morphological forms.
33
What are the names of Czech cases?
Nominativ, genitiv, dativ, accusativ, vocative, locative and instrumental - Slovak without vocative
34
What is a case assigner?
It is something that assigns/determins the case of the noun or pronoun (for example I saw him - saw is the assigner - we know that him is object case or a preposition without - us)
35
How would you translate dům tchýně to English?
My mother-in-law's house
36
Tell me someting about case suffix placement.
We add the possessive 's at the end of the whole NP, no the second name if there is and between them, classical names ending with s usually add only the apostrophe other words already ending with s can add the 's or just the apostrophe - Charles' address
37
What is the number of nouns and what are the spelling changes?
There is plural and singular. Plural - spelling changes - adding s, adding es to words ending with o - heroes (if it is not of foreign origin than only s - zoos) , some can have both versions volcanos, volcanoes, some words ending with f change to -ves - calves, elves, some add the s - beliefs and some can also have both versions - dwarfs, dwarves.
mutation - very marginal - only set of words - man - men, woman - women, mouse - mice, ...
-en words - brethren (religion), children, oxen
- zero plurals - sheep
38
How plural can be formed?
using the regular suffix s or mutation, -en plurals, zero plurals, plurals of foreign origin - -i, -a, -es
39
What is countability?
It shows us whether the noun can be counted or not - whether we can use the word in plural or not
40
Why is it important to know whether the word is countable or uncountable?
uncountable words don't form plural and they combine with different set of determiners (much x many)
41
What does the sentence "Countability is an inherent feature of the nominal category" mean?
That it is a property of a noun that cannot be changed BUT some nouns can be both countable and uncountable depending on the interpretation
42
Name at least 3 nouns that are only written in plural and 3 that are only written in singular form
singular - money, furniture, diseases ending with s - measles, baggage, bedlinen, jewellery, luggage, homework,...
plural - customs, goods, jeans, pyjamas, shorts, tweezers, glasses, scales, earnings
43
Describe animacy in English.
this feature is related to the living - just humans and domestic animals are animate = he, she (masculine, feminine)
other is it - neuter form
44
How do we know if the noun is masculine or feminine?
From the context - teacher can be both feminine and masculine
Or from the suffix - actor, actress
Separate lexical entry - bachelor, spinster
Compounding - boyfriend, girlfriend, tomcat, pussycat
45
What does assimilation in voicing mean?
a process in which the phonological voicing of neighbouring consonants is unified so that an entire cluster of consonants is realized as either voiced or voiceless
cat-cats (cats) , dog-dogs (dogz)
46
How can we modify NP?
pre-modifiers and post-modifiers
pre - determiners, adjectives
post - XPs - who study in Zlín, with blue eyes
47
What are central determiners, when do we use them?
they are unique (you can only use 1 central determiner in one NP) and obligatory (every NP must contain a central determiner)
48
How do we use determiners - is there some order?
Yes - pre central post - we can't say the all books - but we say all the books
49
Why do we use determiners?
To find out whether the NP is definite or indefinite - the most basic markers are definite (the) and indefinite (a, an) articles
50
When do we use the definite "the"?
when the person, animal or a thing is known to the speaker. It can come with plural countables, singular countables and uncountable nouns
51
When do we use the indefinite "a, an"?
when the thing, person, animal is not known to the speaker - can be used only with a singular countable noun
52
What determiners do proper nouns come with?
Usually with zero determiner - Africa, but there are exceptions - the Atlantic Ocean
53
In which case can the word "dinner" come with a determiner?
When we are speaking about one particular dinner - the dinner was delicious, it was a very expensive dinner
54
How are adjectives orderes?
size - age - shape - colour - nationality - material
| the big old flat yellow asian glass table ??!! :)
55
What are secondary adjectives?
They are adjacent to the head Noun, they have forms of nouns but their function is attributive -the city towers
56
What noun post-modifiers can we use?
AP (a book more interesting than we thought)
PP (a book about literature)
VP (a book bought in the supermarket)
Clause (a book that was bought in the supermarket)
57
When talking about pronouns, What is an antacedent?
It is the primary reference
58
What function do pronouns have?
They have pro-form function and they substitute a head or a phrase
59
How do we classify pronouns?
```
Personal
Possessive
Reflexive
Reciprocal
Relative
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Indefinite
```
60
explain - "meaning of pronouns is general and undetermined"
contrary to nouns - they have to have a refference - the meaning depends on the context - pronouns are grammatical morphemes not lexical
61
explain (pronouns) - "the case is sensitive to the syntactic environement"
The case depends on the syntactic structure of the sentence. Pronoun receives the subject case only when it is immediately followed by the predicate.
62
When can we delete relative pronouns?
When they are not the subject and when they are not followed by a preposition
63
What are the functions of the pronoun 'one'?
numeric - one boy
substitute - I like the red one
generic - one would act differently
64
What does it mean when we say that the interrogative pronoun in the wh- questions is fronted?
that it stands at the beginning of a sentence
65
what are multiple wh- questions?
questions that contain more than one wh- pronoun
66
how to form multiple wh- questions?
The hierarchically highest is fronted and the other ones are in the place of their sentence members
67
Is there an inversion when you replace subject with wh- pronoun?
No there is not. There is an inversion if the subject is intact - What did SHE gave to whom?
68
Explain why reflexive and reciprocal pronouns are syntactic anaphors
their antacedents are local - in the same clause
69
Do personal pronouns have antacedents in the same clause?
No - John saw him - him doesn't refer to John
| but John saw himself - refers to JOhn
70
explain the use of reflexive pronouns
obligatory - with reflexive verbs - she prides herself (very rare)
used as particular sentence member - John saw himself (object)
emphatic function - the president himself signed the document
71
what are the types of anafors/references?
non-linguistic context - reality
large linguistic context - in the previous text
local linguistic context - bound/syntactic anafors - antacedent in the same clause - reflexives and reciprocals (they kissed each other, she prides herself)
72
What do adjectives modify?
nouns
73
What do adverbs modify?
adjectives, verbs and prepositions
74
how do we categorize adjectives?
size, colour, value, nationality, position, human characteristics, ...
75
what can be adjectives derived from
verbs, nouns, adjective (-ish), numeral (-th)
76
how do we grade adjectives?
synthetic (bound morpheme - er, the est)
analytic (more intelligent, the most ...)
irregular (better, the best)
77
which adjectives are non gradable
adjectives denoting non-scalar properties
78
the structure of APs
we can have a pre-modifier (measure phrase, grading adverb - very) - a head and also post-modifier - PP (for me), that clauses, to infinitive VP
79
What are the grammatical functions of APs?
attribute, subject complement and object complement
80
are adverbs adverbials?
adverbs are a part of speech - adverbial is a grammatical function. An adverb is an adverbial but not every adverbial is an adverb - other parts of speech can function as an adverbial
81
what are ADV
closed class of adverbs - there are three groups - temporal, grading, focusing
82
what is an A category?
adjectives and adverbs bc they have some similar characteristics
83
do adjectives inflect for the gender, number, case of the noun?
no they are only inflected by grading
84
what does the person and number agreement mean when talking about verbs?
that the verb agrees with the subject in person and number (3rd person singular) - the standard agreement
85
explain notional agreement and the rule of proximity
when for example - fifteen years is a long time (it is one piece, the subject contains a coordinator) , rule of proximity - the element closer to the verb determines the agreement - her clothes or her smile is the reason he likes her, her smile or her clothes are the reason---
86
name exceptions to the standard gramatical agreement
notional and the rule of proximity
87
what is the difference between tense and aspect
tense gives us the time - present, past, (future) whereas the aspect tells us how the action was perceived by the speaker - eg how it was distributed through time - progressive
88
name the aspects
progressive and perfective
89
how many combinations are there regarding to aspect and tense
12 - zero aspect, prog aspect, perf aspect and perf+prog aspect and 3 tenses
90
what is mood?
it is related to the intention of the speeker
91
what moods do we know
indicative, imperative, subjunctive
92
tell me more about the moods
indicative - the default - compatible with tenses
imperative - signalled by zero morphology - clean your room! - we can't tense it
subjunctive - used in business, correspondence - past and present subjuctive (present can be replaced with should) past subjunctive used - wishes, subordinate conditional clauses, subordinate clauses - manner
93
what does it mean if we say that english aspect is periphrastic?
that it is not only expressed by affixes but also uses free morphemes in a phrase
94
what is the highest verbal element in a clause?
tense
95
what is the difference btw main and subordinate clause?
main clause can stand independently, subordinate clause can't
96
does the voice change the sentence meaning?
no, it affects the distribution of the semantic roles. It also affects the GF - Zuzana killed her last brain cell. Zuzana - subject, her last brain cell - object. The last brain cell(subject) was killed by Zuzana(adjunct) herself.
97
what are finite verb forms
verb forms that carry the tense and have their own subject (and agreement)
98
what are non finite verb forms
verb forms that don't carry the tense, they don't have their own subjject therefore they can't have the agreement (to prepare hamburgers everyday is boring, Peter must prepare hamburgers every day)
3 - infinitive, past participle, present participle
99
what is inside a NP
determiners (pre, centre, post), premodifiers (adjectives), head, postmodification (relative cluse, PP, a phrase,...)
100
structure of AP
premodifier (adverb) - head - postmod (pp, that clause,...)
101
what does the structure of VP depend on?
on the verb - it differs
102
based on what do we divide verbs in VPs
based on the number of arguments - sentence members are required
103
divide the verbs
copula/linking verbs (he is tired, he feels tired,...)
intransitive (0 complements in a VP) - they don't require an object - I fainted
transitive verbs (have to have an object) (1 complements in a VP) I saw a dog
ditransitive (will require 2 obects - indirect and direct) I gave John a present
104
what is an adjunct
something that is not required in a sentence - can be omitted
105
what is verbal subcotegorization
it says what the verb requires - they influence the sentence structure - in terms of the number of arguments, their semantics and category
106
what are nice properties?
the operator properties - we need to put 'NT somewhere
I - operators inverse in question. he is a boy. Is he a boy?
C - operator appears in coda - question tags
E - elipses -in the short answers - yes he is
107
do lexical verbs appear in operator position?
no never but modals always
108
how many slots there can be in a predicate
up to 5 but just 1 T position - operator - others are V positions
109
what is tense and agreement morhphology
he sings - present and 3rd person sg
110
why are modals part of speech
they don't share a single feature with lexical verbs
