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MOR Flashcards

1
Q

What is Morphology? What does it study? Basic unit?

A

Morphology is a linguistic discipline that studies the structure of word and the ways words are formed, its basic unit is - morpheme

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2
Q

What is syntax?

A

a linguistic discipline that studies the structure of sentences and phrases

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3
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Morpheme is the smallest unit that carries meaning

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4
Q

How do we classify morphemes?

A

There are free and bound morphemes, free morphemes can stand independently - functional and lexical and bound morphemes are dependent - inflectional and derivational morphemes

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5
Q

What is a paradigm?

A
  1. A set of forms having a common root or stem, of which one form must be selected in certain grammatical environments.
  2. The set of substitutional relationships a linguistic unità has with other units in a specific context
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6
Q

Do inflectional morphemes affect the parts of speech of words?

A

No, only derivational do. Inflectional morphemes affect the case, tense, person, number (aspect)

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7
Q

Which class of morphemes is open to adding new words?

A

Free lexical morphemes

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8
Q

What belongs to lexical and what to functional morphemes? (parts of speech,…)

A

Lexical - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Functional - determiners, auxiliaries, prepositions, pronouns, modals

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9
Q

Why we can’t say a morpheme = a word?

A

Morpheme is the smallest unit which carries a meaning, word can contain more morphemes for example a word unbelievable - contains 3 morphemes

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10
Q

Are there smaller elements than morphemes?

A

Yes but they are meaningless

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11
Q

How many morphemes are in the word “category”? Is “cat” a morpheme in this word? Why yes, why not?

A

The word “category” has 1 morpheme - category, cat is not a morpheme because the sum of the parts/morphemes wouldn’t make any sense together.

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12
Q

How many morphemes does the word “antidisestablishmentarianism” have?

A

6 - anti, dis, establish, ment, arian, ism

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13
Q

What is an affix?

A

It’s a morpheme that can be added to a base of a word. Prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, infixes

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14
Q

Do you know how many inflectional morphemes are there in English?

A

Only 8 :o
plural s, possessive ‘s, 3rd person sg s, -ed (past tense), -ing (present participle), -en (past participle), -er (comparative), -est (superlative)

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15
Q

What is derivation?

A

A process of creating a new word by changing its meaning and/or word category

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16
Q

How can any sentence member be analyzed?

A

from the perspective of semantic role, sentence function, form / type of phrase

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17
Q

What does a semantic role analyze?

A

Its meaning

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18
Q

What semantic roles do we know?

A

agent, patient, experiencer, recipient, possessor, location, time

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19
Q

What sentence functions do you know?

A

subject, predicate, object of P, direct object - patient, indirect object - recipient, adverbial, subject complement, object complement, attribute

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20
Q

What Phrases do you know?

A

Noun Phrase - NP - my brother, this car.
Verb Phrase - VP - went on a trip
Adj/Adv Phrase - AP - so quick, more hungry than me
Prepositional Phrase - PP - in the corner

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21
Q

Is semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning the same thing? Explain

A

No it is not. Pragmatic meaning is generated by the contex of the discourse, semantic meaning is the literal meaning of the expression - can you open the window? - semantically - are you able to open it? pragmatically - a request

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22
Q

Can we say subject = agent and object = patient?

A

NO! STOP ASKING ME STUPID QUESTIONS!!

subject and object are grammatical functions, agent and patient are semantic roles, therefore it’s not the same concept

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23
Q

What is a predicate?

A

A clause without the subject (VP) - likes studying English

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24
Q

What is the difference between lexical and structural ambiguity?

A

Lexical ambiguity - (polysemy, homonymy) 1 word is ambiguous - has more meanings - e.g. “lie”
Structural ambiguity - affects the whole sentence not ust words, the meaning of the whole sentence may differ according to its structure - chase people on bikes

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25
Q

What are the criteria for establishing parts of speech?

A

Phonetic (pronunciation - the stress depends on parts of speech)
Semantic (meaning of the word) - unreliable
Morphological (inflectional and derivational morphology)
Syntactic (based on distribution of a word in a sentence and its relationship with other words in a sentence)

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26
Q

Name the parts of speech in English

A

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions, auxiliaries, modals

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27
Q

Can one word express different parts of speech? Give example.

A

yes… duh…

drink - I want another drink, I shouldn’t drink all this vodka but u know me… I will

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28
Q

How do we divide nouns?

A

Nouns - common and proper (Egypt, Zuzana,…)
common than to - count and noncount and then both to concrete and abstract.
concrete count - pig
abstract count - idea
concrete noncount - butter
abstract noncount - time

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29
Q

What categories do English nouns have?

A

case, number, countability, gender (animacy), determination

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30
Q

How many cases are there in English?

A

pronouns - 3 (subject case, object case, genitive case)

nouns - 2 (common case, genitive case)

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31
Q

What is the difference between proper nouns and common count concrete singular nouns?

A

Proper nouns can be used without determiner whereas common count concrete singular need some determiner - a pig, the pig

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32
Q

What does it mean if we say that the Czech has 7 cases?

A

That for 1 noun there are 7 different morphological forms.

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33
Q

What are the names of Czech cases?

A

Nominativ, genitiv, dativ, accusativ, vocative, locative and instrumental - Slovak without vocative

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34
Q

What is a case assigner?

A

It is something that assigns/determins the case of the noun or pronoun (for example I saw him - saw is the assigner - we know that him is object case or a preposition without - us)

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35
Q

How would you translate dům tchýně to English?

A

My mother-in-law’s house

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36
Q

Tell me someting about case suffix placement.

A

We add the possessive ‘s at the end of the whole NP, no the second name if there is and between them, classical names ending with s usually add only the apostrophe other words already ending with s can add the ‘s or just the apostrophe - Charles’ address

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37
Q

What is the number of nouns and what are the spelling changes?

A

There is plural and singular. Plural - spelling changes - adding s, adding es to words ending with o - heroes (if it is not of foreign origin than only s - zoos) , some can have both versions volcanos, volcanoes, some words ending with f change to -ves - calves, elves, some add the s - beliefs and some can also have both versions - dwarfs, dwarves.
mutation - very marginal - only set of words - man - men, woman - women, mouse - mice, …
-en words - brethren (religion), children, oxen
- zero plurals - sheep

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38
Q

How plural can be formed?

A

using the regular suffix s or mutation, -en plurals, zero plurals, plurals of foreign origin - -i, -a, -es

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39
Q

What is countability?

A

It shows us whether the noun can be counted or not - whether we can use the word in plural or not

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40
Q

Why is it important to know whether the word is countable or uncountable?

A

uncountable words don’t form plural and they combine with different set of determiners (much x many)

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41
Q

What does the sentence “Countability is an inherent feature of the nominal category” mean?

A

That it is a property of a noun that cannot be changed BUT some nouns can be both countable and uncountable depending on the interpretation

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42
Q

Name at least 3 nouns that are only written in plural and 3 that are only written in singular form

A

singular - money, furniture, diseases ending with s - measles, baggage, bedlinen, jewellery, luggage, homework,…
plural - customs, goods, jeans, pyjamas, shorts, tweezers, glasses, scales, earnings

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43
Q

Describe animacy in English.

A

this feature is related to the living - just humans and domestic animals are animate = he, she (masculine, feminine)
other is it - neuter form

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44
Q

How do we know if the noun is masculine or feminine?

A

From the context - teacher can be both feminine and masculine
Or from the suffix - actor, actress
Separate lexical entry - bachelor, spinster
Compounding - boyfriend, girlfriend, tomcat, pussycat

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45
Q

What does assimilation in voicing mean?

A

a process in which the phonological voicing of neighbouring consonants is unified so that an entire cluster of consonants is realized as either voiced or voiceless
cat-cats (cats) , dog-dogs (dogz)

46
Q

How can we modify NP?

A

pre-modifiers and post-modifiers
pre - determiners, adjectives
post - XPs - who study in Zlín, with blue eyes

47
Q

What are central determiners, when do we use them?

A

they are unique (you can only use 1 central determiner in one NP) and obligatory (every NP must contain a central determiner)

48
Q

How do we use determiners - is there some order?

A

Yes - pre central post - we can’t say the all books - but we say all the books

49
Q

Why do we use determiners?

A

To find out whether the NP is definite or indefinite - the most basic markers are definite (the) and indefinite (a, an) articles

50
Q

When do we use the definite “the”?

A

when the person, animal or a thing is known to the speaker. It can come with plural countables, singular countables and uncountable nouns

51
Q

When do we use the indefinite “a, an”?

A

when the thing, person, animal is not known to the speaker - can be used only with a singular countable noun

52
Q

What determiners do proper nouns come with?

A

Usually with zero determiner - Africa, but there are exceptions - the Atlantic Ocean

53
Q

In which case can the word “dinner” come with a determiner?

A

When we are speaking about one particular dinner - the dinner was delicious, it was a very expensive dinner

54
Q

How are adjectives orderes?

A

size - age - shape - colour - nationality - material

the big old flat yellow asian glass table ??!! :)

55
Q

What are secondary adjectives?

A

They are adjacent to the head Noun, they have forms of nouns but their function is attributive -the city towers

56
Q

What noun post-modifiers can we use?

A

AP (a book more interesting than we thought)
PP (a book about literature)
VP (a book bought in the supermarket)
Clause (a book that was bought in the supermarket)

57
Q

When talking about pronouns, What is an antacedent?

A

It is the primary reference

58
Q

What function do pronouns have?

A

They have pro-form function and they substitute a head or a phrase

59
Q

How do we classify pronouns?

A 
Personal
Possessive
Reflexive
Reciprocal
Relative
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Indefinite
60
Q

explain - “meaning of pronouns is general and undetermined”

A

contrary to nouns - they have to have a refference - the meaning depends on the context - pronouns are grammatical morphemes not lexical

61
Q

explain (pronouns) - “the case is sensitive to the syntactic environement”

A

The case depends on the syntactic structure of the sentence. Pronoun receives the subject case only when it is immediately followed by the predicate.

62
Q

When can we delete relative pronouns?

A

When they are not the subject and when they are not followed by a preposition

63
Q

What are the functions of the pronoun ‘one’?

A

numeric - one boy
substitute - I like the red one
generic - one would act differently

64
Q

What does it mean when we say that the interrogative pronoun in the wh- questions is fronted?

A

that it stands at the beginning of a sentence

65
Q

what are multiple wh- questions?

A

questions that contain more than one wh- pronoun

66
Q

how to form multiple wh- questions?

A

The hierarchically highest is fronted and the other ones are in the place of their sentence members

67
Q

Is there an inversion when you replace subject with wh- pronoun?

A

No there is not. There is an inversion if the subject is intact - What did SHE gave to whom?

68
Q

Explain why reflexive and reciprocal pronouns are syntactic anaphors

A

their antacedents are local - in the same clause

69
Q

Do personal pronouns have antacedents in the same clause?

A

No - John saw him - him doesn’t refer to John

but John saw himself - refers to JOhn

70
Q

explain the use of reflexive pronouns

A

obligatory - with reflexive verbs - she prides herself (very rare)
used as particular sentence member - John saw himself (object)
emphatic function - the president himself signed the document

71
Q

what are the types of anafors/references?

A

non-linguistic context - reality
large linguistic context - in the previous text
local linguistic context - bound/syntactic anafors - antacedent in the same clause - reflexives and reciprocals (they kissed each other, she prides herself)

72
Q

What do adjectives modify?

A

nouns

73
Q

What do adverbs modify?

A

adjectives, verbs and prepositions

74
Q

how do we categorize adjectives?

A

size, colour, value, nationality, position, human characteristics, …

75
Q

what can be adjectives derived from

A

verbs, nouns, adjective (-ish), numeral (-th)

76
Q

how do we grade adjectives?

A

synthetic (bound morpheme - er, the est)
analytic (more intelligent, the most …)
irregular (better, the best)

77
Q

which adjectives are non gradable

A

adjectives denoting non-scalar properties

78
Q

the structure of APs

A

we can have a pre-modifier (measure phrase, grading adverb - very) - a head and also post-modifier - PP (for me), that clauses, to infinitive VP

79
Q

What are the grammatical functions of APs?

A

attribute, subject complement and object complement

80
Q

are adverbs adverbials?

A

adverbs are a part of speech - adverbial is a grammatical function. An adverb is an adverbial but not every adverbial is an adverb - other parts of speech can function as an adverbial

81
Q

what are ADV

A

closed class of adverbs - there are three groups - temporal, grading, focusing

82
Q

what is an A category?

A

adjectives and adverbs bc they have some similar characteristics

83
Q

do adjectives inflect for the gender, number, case of the noun?

A

no they are only inflected by grading

84
Q

what does the person and number agreement mean when talking about verbs?

A

that the verb agrees with the subject in person and number (3rd person singular) - the standard agreement

85
Q

explain notional agreement and the rule of proximity

A

when for example - fifteen years is a long time (it is one piece, the subject contains a coordinator) , rule of proximity - the element closer to the verb determines the agreement - her clothes or her smile is the reason he likes her, her smile or her clothes are the reason—

86
Q

name exceptions to the standard gramatical agreement

A

notional and the rule of proximity

87
Q

what is the difference between tense and aspect

A

tense gives us the time - present, past, (future) whereas the aspect tells us how the action was perceived by the speaker - eg how it was distributed through time - progressive

88
Q

name the aspects

A

progressive and perfective

89
Q

how many combinations are there regarding to aspect and tense

A

12 - zero aspect, prog aspect, perf aspect and perf+prog aspect and 3 tenses

90
Q

what is mood?

A

it is related to the intention of the speeker

91
Q

what moods do we know

A

indicative, imperative, subjunctive

92
Q

tell me more about the moods

A

indicative - the default - compatible with tenses
imperative - signalled by zero morphology - clean your room! - we can’t tense it
subjunctive - used in business, correspondence - past and present subjuctive (present can be replaced with should) past subjunctive used - wishes, subordinate conditional clauses, subordinate clauses - manner

93
Q

what does it mean if we say that english aspect is periphrastic?

A

that it is not only expressed by affixes but also uses free morphemes in a phrase

94
Q

what is the highest verbal element in a clause?

A

tense

95
Q

what is the difference btw main and subordinate clause?

A

main clause can stand independently, subordinate clause can’t

96
Q

does the voice change the sentence meaning?

A

no, it affects the distribution of the semantic roles. It also affects the GF - Zuzana killed her last brain cell. Zuzana - subject, her last brain cell - object. The last brain cell(subject) was killed by Zuzana(adjunct) herself.

97
Q

what are finite verb forms

A

verb forms that carry the tense and have their own subject (and agreement)

98
Q

what are non finite verb forms

A

verb forms that don’t carry the tense, they don’t have their own subjject therefore they can’t have the agreement (to prepare hamburgers everyday is boring, Peter must prepare hamburgers every day)

3 - infinitive, past participle, present participle

99
Q

what is inside a NP

A

determiners (pre, centre, post), premodifiers (adjectives), head, postmodification (relative cluse, PP, a phrase,…)

100
Q

structure of AP

A

premodifier (adverb) - head - postmod (pp, that clause,…)

101
Q

what does the structure of VP depend on?

A

on the verb - it differs

102
Q

based on what do we divide verbs in VPs

A

based on the number of arguments - sentence members are required

103
Q

divide the verbs

A

copula/linking verbs (he is tired, he feels tired,…)
intransitive (0 complements in a VP) - they don’t require an object - I fainted
transitive verbs (have to have an object) (1 complements in a VP) I saw a dog
ditransitive (will require 2 obects - indirect and direct) I gave John a present

104
Q

what is an adjunct

A

something that is not required in a sentence - can be omitted

105
Q

what is verbal subcotegorization

A

it says what the verb requires - they influence the sentence structure - in terms of the number of arguments, their semantics and category

106
Q

what are nice properties?

A

the operator properties - we need to put ‘NT somewhere
I - operators inverse in question. he is a boy. Is he a boy?
C - operator appears in coda - question tags
E - elipses -in the short answers - yes he is

107
Q

do lexical verbs appear in operator position?

A

no never but modals always

108
Q

how many slots there can be in a predicate

A

up to 5 but just 1 T position - operator - others are V positions

109
Q

what is tense and agreement morhphology

A

he sings - present and 3rd person sg

110
Q

why are modals part of speech

A

they don’t share a single feature with lexical verbs

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