mood disorders recap of all Flashcards
Aetiology: Depression
biopsychosocial model of causation.
Combination of genetic/social factors during pregnancy leading to disease vulnerability
Grief or loss in early childhood
Gender: 2:1 female to male
Impact of neurotransmitter systems in (particular serotonin, noradrenaline)
Depression aetiology. However, low serotonin levels are simply another symptom of depression, not a cause. The more negative introspection you carry out, and the fewer pleasure-giving activities you participate in, the lower your serotonin levels become.
The most widely accepted explanation for this sort of phenomenon is that society has changed. Over the past 5 decades, there has been:
a breakdown in the extended family a dispersal of communities an increased focus on material wealth an overwhelming prevalence of news media and an increase in focus on 'the self'. All of which, and more besides, add up to a potent recipe for depression.
Depression aetiology, give a psychodynamic explanation and a social explanation.
Psychodynamic explanation – as a child the person has experienced a highly significant loss and/or developed the belief that being loved was dependent on pleasing others. As a result the child develops a distorted self image. In adulthood, the person experiences a loss or difficulties with relating to events in life and associates this feelings about the childhood loss or interpersonal relationships.
Cognitive explanation – suggests that depression results from how the person thinks about what is happening in the world. The person interprets events in a negative way, which brings about negative responses and depressive feels which cause events to become more negative and a spiral of depression ensues.
Depression Criteria
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or gain, or decrease/ increase in appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feeling worthless or inappropriate guilt
Lack of concentration and/ or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death or recurrent suicidal ideation
ALSO; the symptoms cause significant distress or impairment and are not attributable to substance use or medical condition
Depression criteria - ____ or more of the following symptoms over the same 2 week period and represent a change in functioning. At least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of ______ __ ______
Five / interest of pleasure
Five or more of the following symptoms over the same 2 week period and represent a change in functioning. At least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest of pleasure.
Name some symptoms in the criteria
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or gain, or decrease/ increase in appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feeling worthless or inappropriate guilt
Lack of concentration and/ or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death or recurrent suicidal ideation
ALSO; the symptoms cause significant distress or impairment and are not attributable to substance use or medical condition
Criteria for Mania- dont name the symptoms but finish the sentence. Distinct period of ……
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week (or any duration is hospitalisation is necessary) with 3 or more of the following symptoms (4 symptoms if mood is irritable)
Criteria for Mania / DSM 5 Symptoms
Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increase in goal directed activity
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences
Persistent depressive disorder (_ _____of symptoms)
2 years
Cyclothymia
chronic bipolar disorder with mild symptoms over 2 years
Perinatal and Postnatal depression characteristics
(depressed mood, excessive anxiety, insomnia and weight changes. Has similar causes to depression including psychosocial, genes and hormonal changes.
Grief and mood disorders; the difference between grief and major depressive disorder.
4 stages of normal grief: Shock and protest, preoccupation, disorganisation, resolution.
Clients with major depressive disorder often are fixed in disorganisation stage and cannot move forward to resolution.
A combination of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and education
Psychotherapeutic interventions can include;
Psychotherapeutic interventions can include; client-motivated including education around self-management techniques such as how to cope and get through when times are particularly bad.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Addressing abnormal behaviour and adjusting. Psychological distress is due to disturbances in the cognitive (thinking) process. Therapy involves getting the client to change the way they think about themselves
Therapeutic use of self: Counselling/communication skills; listening with interest, reflection of content and feeling, summarising and closure
Pharmacology: antidepressants and mood stabilisers. Nurses role is about education around the medication, side effects and precautions, i.e
antidepressants and mood stabilisers. Nurses role is about education around the medication, side effects and precautions, i.e. antidepressants can take 2-6 weeks to work.
Mania- Characterised by 3 main features:
persistently elevated mood (elation or irritability); increased activity and poor judgement.
