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Psychiatry > Mood disorders > Flashcards

Mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core symptoms of depression?

A
  • Persistent low mood for at least 2 weeks
  • Low energy
  • Lack of interest / enjoyment in doing things (Anhedonia)
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2
Q

What are the somatic symptoms of depression?

A
  • Sleep changes
    • Early morning wakening
    • Hypersomnia
  • Appetite & weight changes
  • Diurnal variation in mood
  • Psychomotor retardation/agitation
  • Loss of libido
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3
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

A
  • Low self esteem
  • Guilt / self blame
  • Hopelessness
  • Hypochondriacal thoughts
  • Poor concentation/attention
  • Suicidal thoughts
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4
Q

What is pseudo-dementia?

A

People with severe depression may present as if they have primary memory problem or cognitive decline.

This is resolved once depression is treated

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5
Q

How is mild depression classified?

A

2 core symptoms + 2 other symptoms

Retains ability to function

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6
Q

How is moderate depression classified?

A

2 core + 3/4 others

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7
Q

How is severe depression classified?

A

3 core symptoms + at least 4 others

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8
Q

Aside from the core, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression - what symptoms are seen in psychotic depression?

A
  • Hallucinations (typically auditory)
  • Delusions
    • Hypochondriacal
    • Guilt
    • Nihilistic
    • Persecutory
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9
Q

What thought content is common in post-natal depression?

A

Worries about baby’s health or that mother is inadequate / can’t cope

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for postnatal depression?

A
  • Personal / Family Hx of depression
  • Older mothers
  • Single mothers
  • Unwanted pregnancy
  • Prev postnatal depression
  • Socioeconomic deprivation
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of hypomania?

A
  • Mildly elevated / expansive / irritable mood
  • Increased energy / activity
  • Increased self-esteem
  • Sociability, talkativeness, over familiarity
  • Increased sex drive
  • Reduced need for sleep
  • Difficulty on focussing on one task
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12
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A
  • Elevated / expansive / irritable mood (1 week)
  • Increased activity / energy (inc agitation)
  • Grandiosity / increased self-esteem
  • Pressure of speech
  • Flight of ideas / rapid thoughts
  • Distractible
  • Reduced need for sleep
  • Increased libido
  • Socially disinhibited (leading to impaired judgement & potentially exploitation)
  • Psychotic symptoms (Hallucinations / Delusions)
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13
Q

What are the 2 persistent mood states?

A
  • Cyclothymia
    • Mild elation and depression that doesn’t meet criteria to be diagnosed as BPD. Period of stability in between episodes. Needs to be present for 2 years to make diagnosis. Common in those with BPD relatives.
  • Dysthymia
    • Chronic low mood, not fulfilling the criteria for depression
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14
Q

What is mixed affective state?

A

Mixture / rapid alternation (usually few hours) between hypomanic, manic and depressive symptoms.

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15
Q

How is bipolar 1 classified?

A

At least 1 manic / mixed episode +/- depressive episode(s)

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16
Q

How is bipolar 2 classified?

A

At least one depressive episode(s) + at least 1 hypomanic episodes

17
Q

How many episodes are required before a diagnosis of BPD can be reached, according to ICD-10 ?

A

At least 2 episodes, one of which being manic, hypomanic or mixed

18
Q

What are the differentials for mood disorders?

A
  • Normal fluctuations in mood
  • Adjustment disorders / bereavement
  • PTSD
  • Dementia & other brain disorders
  • Personality disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
19
Q

What are the causes of mood disorders?

A

Biological

  • Genetics
  • Brain illnesses (e.g. dementia)
  • Physical illness (e.g. chronic illness)

Psychological

  • Childhood experiences (e.g. abuse)
  • View of yourself (e.g. self-esteem) & world
  • Personality traits (e.g. obsessive / dependent)

Social

  • Working, housing, finance, etc.
  • Relationships, support, etc.
20
Q

What are the biological treatments of mood disorders?

A
  • Pharmacological (e.g. antidepressants, mood stabilisers, antipsychotics, anxiolytics)
  • ECT
  • rTMS = Repetitive transmagnetic stimulation
    • Electrode placed on brain to stimulate brain with magnetic field.
  • tDCS = Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
21
Q

What is ECT?

A

Treatment that involves sending an electric current through the brain to stimulate an epileptic seizure.

22
Q

What is the indication for ECT?

A
  • Catatonia
  • Severe depressive illness that is resistant to treatment
  • Life-threatening illness
  • Prolonged, severe manic episodes
  • High suicide risk
  • Stupor / sever psychomotor retardation
23
Q

What are the psychological treatments of mood disorders?

A
  • Psychoeducation (about illness, medication, relapses)
  • CBT
  • IPT (Inter person therapy)
  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • Mindfulness
24
Q

What are the social treatments of mood disorders?

A

Targeted interventions:

  • Family
  • Housing
  • Finance
  • Employment
  • General coping strategies
25
Q

What suggests poor prognosis in bipolar?

A
  • Severe episodes
  • Early onset
  • Cognitive deficits
26
Q

What is the epidemiology of unipolar despressive disorders?

A

Greater prevalence in:

  • Females (F:M = 2:1)
  • Urban areas ( > rural areas)
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Physical illness (esp. chronic illness)
  • 1st degree relatives

Psychiatry (11 decks)

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