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Psychiatry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathological depression?

A

Pervasive lowering of mood accompanied by feelings of sadness and a loss of the ability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

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2
Q

What is pathological elation?

A

Pervasive elation of mood accompanied by excessive cheerfulness, which is experienced as ecstasy in extreme cases

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3
Q

What is pathological anxiety?

A

Feeling of apprehension which is out of proportion to the actual situation. Usually associated with autonomic changes such as skin pallor or sweating of hands, feet, and axillae.

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4
Q

What is depersonalisation?

A

Feeling unreal or detached from self. Pts may describe “feeling like a robot”. May feel disconnected from memories and struggle to feel emotion.

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5
Q

What is derealisation?

A

Feeling detached from reality. May describe it as “feeling as if they’re in a dream”. Some level of sensory distortion seems to occur.

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6
Q

What are tics?

A

Irregular repeated movements involving a group of muscles (e.g. sideways movement of the head)

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7
Q

What are choreiform movements?

A

Brief involuntary movements that are coordinated but purposeless (e.g. grimacing or movement of the arms)

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8
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Muscle spasm which is often painful and may lead to contortions.

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9
Q

What is a stream of thought?

A

The amount and speed of thoughts

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10
Q

What is pressure of thought?

A

Thought that are unusually rapid, abundant, & varied. Characteristic of mania but can also be present in schizophrenia

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11
Q

What is poverty of thought?

A

Thoughts that are unusually slow, few, and unvaried. Characteristic of severe depressive disorder but also present in schizophrenia

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12
Q

What is blocking of thought?

A

Experience in which the mind is suddenly empty of thoughts. Patient may be talking and abruptly stop, staying silent for a while. Characteristic of schizophrenia - may interpret experience in delusional way (e.g. delusion of thought withdrawal - thoughts have been removed by someone)

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13
Q

What is flight of ideas?

A

An abnormal state in which thoughts / spoken words move quickly from one topic to another, so that one train of thought is not completed before the next begins. It may be hard to follow the links between topics, although they are present via:

  • Rhyme (e.g. idea about chairs followed by pears)
  • Puns = Two words with same sound (e.g. male/mail)
  • Distraction = New topic inspired by item in the room
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14
Q

What is loosening of associations?

A

Lack of logical connection between sequence of thoughts not explicable by any link. Patient’s replies are hard to follow & it feels like the more you try to clarify the patient’s thinking the less you understand it. Not relieved by putting patient at ease or simplifying questions.

Occurs most often in schizophrenia

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15
Q

What is perseveration?

A

Persistent & inappropriate repetition of the same sequence of thought, shown either in speech or action. Patient will respond to series of simple questions with the same answer even though they require different answers.

Occurs most commonly in dementia.

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16
Q

What is a delusion?

A

A belief held firmly on inadequate grounds.

It’s not affected by rational argument or evidence to the contrary.

It’s not a conventional belief that the person might hold given their cultural background and level of education.

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17
Q

What is a primary delusion?

A

One that occurs suddenly without any other abnormal mental event leading to it.

Strongly suggest schizophrenia

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18
Q

What is a secondary delusion?

A

Arises from a previous abnormal idea / experience, for example:

  1. A hallucination
  2. A mood
  3. Another delusion
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19
Q

What is a delusional system?

A

A network of interrelated ideas in which many abnormal beliefs fit into a coherent whole.

Common in paranoid schzophrenia

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20
Q

What is delusional mood?

A

Inexplicable feeling of apprehension followed by a delusion that explains it

For example, man feels inexplicably frightened and then suddenly gains belief that someone is out to harm him.

21
Q

What is delusional perception?

A

Misinterpretation of the significance of something perceived normally.

For example, pt may suddenly be convinced that the arrangement of items on his desk indicates his life is under threat

22
Q

What is delusional memory?

A

Retrospective delusional misinterpretation of memories of actual events.

For example, the belief that on a prev occasion when the pt felt ill his food had been poisoned by persecutors, though prev and at time of illness this was not his belief.

23
Q

What are persecutory delusions?

A

Ideas that people / organisations are trying to inflict harm on the pt, damage their reputation or make them insane.

Common in schizophrenia & can also occur in organic states and severe depressive disorders

24
Q

What are delusions of reference?

A

Idea that objects, events, or the actions of other people have a special significance for the pt.

Associated w schizophrenia

25
Q

What are grandiose and expansive delusions?

A

Beliefs of exaggerated self-importance - pts may see themselves as wealthy, endowed with unusual abilities or in other ways special.

Occur mainly in mania & occasionally in schizophrenia

26
Q

What are delusions of guilt & worthlessness?

A

Beliefs that the person has done something shameful or sinful, usually concerning an innocent error that caused no guilt at the time.

Occurs most often in severe depressive disorders.

27
Q

What are nihilistic delusions?

A

Beliefs that the pt’s career is finished, that he is about to die or has no money, or that the world is doomed.

Occur most often in severe depressive disorders.

28
Q

What are hypochondriacal delusions?

A

False beliefs about the presence of disease in the face of convincing medical evidence to the contrary

Common amongst the elderly

Occur in depressive disorders and schizophrenia

29
Q

What are delusions of jealousy?

A

Morbid (pathological) jealousy that can lead to dangerously aggressive behaviour towards the person who is believed to be unfaithful.

More common in men

30
Q

What are sexual / amourous delusions?

A

Pts belief that they are loved by someone who has never spoken to them and who is inaccessible (e.g. an eminent public figure)

More frequent among women

31
Q
A
32
Q
A
33
Q

What are religious delusions?

A

Beliefs held by an individual about religion that are abnormal when compared to religious / cultural peers. May be concerned with guilt or special powers.

34
Q

What are delusions of control?

A

Beliefs that personal actions, impulses or thoughts are controlled by an outside agency

NOT voluntary obedience to hallucinatory voices or culturally normal beliefs that humans are under divine control.

Strongly suggest schizophrenia

35
Q

What are delusions of thought INSERTION?

A

Patient believes that some of their thoughts have been implanted by an outside agency.

Seen most commonly in schizophrenia.

36
Q

What are delusions of thought WITHDRAWAL?

A

Patient believes that some of their thoughts have been taken away.

Can sometimes occur as a result of blocking of thought.

Seen in schizophrenia most commonly.

37
Q

What are delusions of thought BROADCASTING?

A

Patient believes some of their thoughts are known to other people thru telepathy, radio, or some other means.

Seen most commonly in schizophrenia.

38
Q

What are overvalued ideas?

A

An isolated, preoccupying, and strongly held belief that dominates a person’s life & may affect their actions but (unlike a delusion) has been derived thru normal mental processes.

39
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Recurrent / persistent thought, impulses or images that enter the mind despire efforts to exclude them. The person recognises them as senseless / stupid & as a product of their own mind.

40
Q

What are obsessional thoughts?

A

Repeated, intrusive words or phrases.

Can take many forms inc. obscenities, blasphemies & thoughts about distressing occurrences

41
Q

What are obsessional ruminations?

A

Repeated sequences of obsessive thoughts.

42
Q

What are obsessional doubts?

A

Recurrent uncertainties about prev. action

For example, whether or not person has switched off an electrical appliance

43
Q

What are obsessional impulses?

A

Urges to carry out actions that are usually aggressive, dangerous, or socially embarrassing.

The person recognises it as irrational and does not wish to carry it out (ego-dystonic)

44
Q

What are obsessional images?

A

Recurrent, vivid mental pictures that are unexpected, unselected & typically unwelcome and distressing

45
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Recurrent & persistent actions that the person feels compelled to carry out but resists. The person recognises this as senseless / stupid & as a product of their own mind.

46
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A

An anxiety disorder characterised by persistent, ‘free-floating’ anxiety, with associated features.

47
Q

What is torcillosis?

A

A form of acute dystonia with nilateral pain & deviation of the neck. Tender on palpation and restricted range of motion.

Also described as “wry neck”

48
Q

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

A medical emergency which occurs in patients taking antipsychotics. Characterised by altered mental state, generalised rigidity, fever, fluctuating blood pressure and high temperature.

49
Q

What is oculogyric crisis?

A

A type of acute dystonia characterised by sustained upward deviation of the eyes, clenched jaw and hyperextension of the back/neck with torticollis

Psychiatry (11 decks)

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