Mood Disorders Flashcards
What are the two things that differentiate Persistent Depressive Disorder (PPD) from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
- Severity - PDD is less severe
- Duration - PDD lasts for two or more years, whereas MDD is a fortnight
What are the three cognitive components of Beck’s (1976) theory of the aetiology and maintenance of depression?
Hint:
NAT - SLE - DS
- Negative Automatic Thoughts (NAT)
- Systematic Logical Errors (SLE)
- Depressogenic schemas (DS)
How long does a manic episode have to last for it to be considered a Manic Episode by the DSM?
And what is the exception case?
Longer than 1 week.
However, if hospitalisation is required, then any expression of mania that fits the DSM criteria will count as a Manic Episode under the DSM.
What FOUR factors would make a manic episode count as a HYPOmanic Episode under the DSM (as opposed to a Manic Episode)?
Hint
They relate to:
1. Duration (one factor)
2. Impact on functioning (three factors)
- A Hypomanic Episode is at least 4 days.
And instead of the impact on functioning being ‘severe’, or ‘requiring hospitalisation’ or associated with ‘psychotic features’, the following criteria must be met
- Unequivocal change in functioning
- It’s observable by others
- No ‘marked impairment in social or occupational functioning’
What is the key criteria for Bipolar 1 Disorder?
“Criteria have been met for at least one Manic Episode”
What are the THREE key criteria for Bipolar 2 Disorder?
- At least one HYPOmanic episode
- At least one Major Depressive Episode
- There has never been a Manic Episode
Can you have delusions and hallucinations in Bipolar Disorder 1, or would that make it Schizophrenia?
You CAN have delusions and hallucinations in Bipolar Disorder 1
What are the FIVE key factors in Cyclothymic Disorder
- For at least 2 years (or 1 year in kids/teens)…
- there have been numerous hypomanic symptoms that DON’T meet criteria for Hypomanic Episode, and…
- there have been numerous periods with depressive symptoms, that DON’T meet criteria for Major Depressive Episode, and…
- During the 2 year period, the hypomanic and depressive periods have been present for at least HALF the time, and the person has not been without symptoms for more than 2 months, and finally,
- the person has NEVER met criteria for major depressive, manic or hypomanic episodes.
Do people with Bipolar Depression sleep well or badly?
Badly
What did Musliner et al (2016)’s study in Denmark tell us about the different patterns of 10 year course trajectory of Major Depressive Disorder
It indicated FOUR classes of trajectory.
See hand drawn notes for visual representation.
What are three personality factors that influence the aetiology of depression?
Hint:
N - I - NSE
- Neuroticism
- Introversion
- Negative self-esteem/schema
How does Beck’s model of depression translate into a 6 stage process for the onset of depression?
Hint:
E - DS - CI - DSA - NAT - DS
- Early experience
- Formation of dysfunctional schema
- CRITICAL INCIDENT
- Assumptions/schema activated
- Negative automatic thoughts
- Symptoms of depression
- 6a Behavioural
- 6b Affective
- 6c Cognitive
- 6d Somatic (eg poor sleep)
If Bipolar 1 is not treated, what FOUR findings are commonly reported?
Hint:
The first two are about durations
The third is about the balance of types of phase (ie depressive vs manic)
The fourth is about suicidality.
- length of ‘normal’ periods between episodes DECREASES
- Length of each episode INCREASES
- Depressed phases become more likely
- Suicidality is a major risk factor in depressive phase, but also a problem in manic phase.
What things unrelated to mental illness could be causing mania?
- Cocaine & other stimulants
- Anti-depressants (eg. SSRIs)
- CNS disorders (eg. tumours)
- L-dopa
What are five reasons that can contribute to delayed care in response to Bipolar Disorder?
Hint:
- is about how it starts
- is about how mania presents
- is about how mania feels
- is about substances
- is about patient attitudes to seeking care
- Index episode is often depression (misdiagnosed)
- Clinical presentation of mania may be atypical (e.g., irritability over euphoria)
- Hypomania is often pleasant for clients so doesn’t get mentioned.
- Substance abuse comorbidity may deflect diagnostic attention.
- Patients may be reluctant to seek care
