Anxiety, Panic, Phobia, OCD, & Impulse Control Disorders

Question 1

Outline Borkovec’s five-and-a-bit stage model of anxiety

Hint:

1. is about vulnerability
2. is about life
3. is about a state of being
4. is about a cognition pattern
5. is the cycle of mutually reinforcing things…

Answer 1

1. Psychological vulnerability & Biological vulnerability…
2. feed into life events…
3. which foster ‘anxious apprehension’
4. this leads to WORRY
5. which triggers a mutually reinforcing cycle of

5a Avoidance of Imagery&raquo_space;

5b Restricted Autonomic Response&raquo_space;

5c Inadequate Problem Solving Skills&raquo_space;

5d Intensive Cognitive Processing

Question 2

Outline the Five stage metacognitive model of GAD, as outlined by Wells (1997)

Answer 2

1. Trigger
2. Positive meta-beliefs activated (e.g., It’s important to worry about X)
3. Type 1 worry (non-meta worry)
4. Negative meta-beliefs activated (e.g., I can’t cope, I can’t stop worrying)
5. Type 2 worry (meta worry)

5a Worry-related emotion (anxious)

5b Thought control (e.g. suppression, distraction)

5c Behaviour (e.g., avoidance)

Question 3

What are THREE ways OCD can be differentiated from Phobia?

Hint:

1. Focus of anxiety
2. Complexity of anxiety
3. Intensity of anxiety

Answer 3

1. Focus
   * OCD - anxiety about rituals that are ‘necessary’ due to contact with feared object
   * Phobia - about the feared object itself
2. Complexity
   * OCD - Anxiety is ‘more complex’, diffuse (lots of ways to get contaminated)
   * Phobia - anxiety is ‘less complex’, more focused
3. Intensity
   * OCD - level of anxiety when confronted with feared object is NOT excessive
   * Phobia - … IS excessive.

Question 4

What are four risk factors for OCD?

Hint:

1. is related to family
2. is related to upbringing
3. is related to personality
4. is related to temperament

Answer 4

1. Family history
2. Early childhood experiences/critical learning incidents
3. Personality (neuroticism etc)
4. Greater internalising symptoms (e.g behavioural inhibition, negative emotionality)

Question 5

What is the basis for the proposed idea of “OCD-spectrum disorders”?

Answer 5

There is phenomenological and neurobiological overlap between OCD and a range of other disorders, including ASD, Tourettes, somatoform disorders

Question 6

What are SIX cognitive processes associated with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

HInts:

1. Evaluation
2. Assumptions
3. Values
4. Mirrors
5. Rumination
6. Reviews

Answer 6

1. Apprearance Evaluation is more negative
2. Assumptions made about appearance (e.g., if my appearance is defective, I’m worthless)
3. (over)Value physical appearance and attractiveness
4. Mirror gazing causes more anxiety, discomfort, self-focused attention after mirror gazing
5. Ruminative thinking (why so ugly)
6. (repeatedly) Reviews of past appearance related experiences

Question 7

Name three predictors of hoarding behaviour

Answer 7

1. Control over possessions
2. Concern about memory
3. Responsibility over possessions