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CLINICAL > Mood (affective) disorders > Flashcards

Mood (affective) disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic criteria

What kind of disorder is depression?

A

A mood (affective) disorder.

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2
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Examples of DSM-5 depression diagnosis criteria

A
  • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday.
  • Fatigue or loss of energy nearly everyday.
  • Feelings or worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly everyday.
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3
Q

Diagnostic criteria

In order to be diagnosed, how does the DSM-5 claim the symptoms should be experienced?

A

5+ symptoms must be experienced by the individual during the same 2-week period, at least one of the symptoms should be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.

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4
Q

Diagnostic criteria

What must the symptoms be causing the individual, according to the DSM-5?

A

Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

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5
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Unipolar depression

A

1+ episodes of moderate-severe depression with persistent depressed mood and other symptoms, such as suicidal ideation.

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6
Q

Diagnostic criteria

4 categories of depressive symptoms

A
  • Somatic (physical)
  • Cognitive
  • Behavioural
  • Emotional
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7
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Examples of somatic symptoms

A
  • Speaking slowly
  • Insomnia
  • Lack of energy
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8
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Examples of cognitive symptoms

A
  • Feeling guilt-ridden
  • Low self-esteem
  • Can’t make decisions easily
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9
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Examples of behavioural symptoms

A
  • Avoiding contact with friends
  • Neglecting hobbies/interests
  • Having difficulties in work, home or family life.
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10
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Examples of emotional symptoms

A
  • Crying all the time
  • Continuous low mood
  • Feeling anxious/worried
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11
Q

Diagnostic criteria

2 types of depression

A

Unipolar and Bipolar.

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12
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

Severe but short-lived depressive episode.

Can have psychotic symptoms.

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13
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Dysthymic disorder

A

Less severe but often chronic.

Low mood must last 3+ years to be diagnosed.

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14
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Other name for bipolar disorder

A

Manic depression

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15
Q

Diagnostic criteria

2 types of bipolar disorder

A

Type 1 or Type 2.

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16
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Type 1: bipolar disorder

A

1+ manic/mixed episode.

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17
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Type 2: bipolar disorder

A

1+ hypomanic episode and 1+ depressive episode.

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18
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Manic episode

A

Last 1+ weeks, characterised as an extreme mood, euphoric but also irritable.

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19
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Depressive episode

A

Lasts 2+ weeks, involves a depressive mood or lack of interest in everyday activities nearly every day.

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20
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Hypomanic episode

A

Less extreme version of a manic episode, involves several days of elevated mood or increased irritability (and high energy).

Can involve increased talkivity or impulsivity.

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21
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

A

21-point self-report questionnaire, assessing attitudes and symptoms.

Each item has 4+ statements and person chooses one which best fits them over the last 1/2 weeks.

Items related to symptoms of depression, such as guilt, hopelessness and weight loss.

10 = mild depression.
30+ = severe depression.

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22
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Strengths of BDI

A
  • Quantitative/objective
  • Can show progress in treatment
  • RWA
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23
Q

Diagnostic criteria

Criticisms of BDI

A
  • Lacks qualitative reasoning
  • Self-report/subjective
24
Q

Cognitive explanation

Beck’s negative triad

A

3 things interact to form depression, becoming the automatic way of thinking:
1. Views of oneself
2. Views of the world
3. Views of the future

Info is processed in a negative way, “something bad will always happen.”

25
Q

Cognitive explanation

What does Beck argue depressives have?

A

Negative self-schemas, due to past negative experiences.

26
Q

Cognitive explanation

Learned helplessness

A

Someone become passive because they feel out of control of their live, have tried and failed in the past and now ‘learnt to fail’.

27
Q

Cognitive explanation

Attribution style

A

If your past experiences are negative, you will develop a ‘negative attributional style’, meaning you will constantly view things happening negatively, causing them to turn out that way.

28
Q

Cognitive explanation

Seligman et al. (1988)

A

Aimed to investigate how well attributional style could predict depression.

Used 51 uni/bipolar patients from a clinic and got them to fill out the BDI and Attributional Style Questionnaire, then compared them to a control group.

Found that the uni/bipolar patients had more pessimistic, negative attributional styles than the control group.

29
Q

Biochemical - Biological explanation

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter which regulates sleep, appetite and mood.

30
Q

Biochemical - Biological explanation

Symptoms of low serotonin

A

Low mood, anxiety and disrupted sleep and eating (all depression symptoms).

31
Q

Biochemical - Biological explanation

Symptoms of low dopamine

A

Motivation and mood is low (both depression symptoms).

32
Q

Biochemical - Biological explanation

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitte which carries signals in the parts of brain responsible for feelings/motivations.

33
Q

Biochemical - Biological explanation

What does the biochemical explanation claim depression is caused by?

How is this treated?

A

Depression is caused by low serotonin levels, SSRIs increase this.

34
Q

Genetic - Biological explanation

How much DNA do first-degree relatives share?

A

50%.

35
Q

Genetic - Biological explanation

What does the genetic explanation argue?

A

Bipolar and depressive disorders may be inherited from one generation to the next.

36
Q

Genetic - Biological explanation

How does the genetic explanation test for inheritance?

A

Using studies of MZ and DZ twins.

37
Q

Biochemical treatments

What is the main treatment for bipolar disorder?

A

Drug therapy.

38
Q

Biochemical treatments

Example of bipolar drug and it’s side effects

A

Lithium.

  • Drowsiness
  • Tremors in hands
  • Impotence
  • Nausea
39
Q

Biochemical treatments

Evidence for paliperiodne to treat bipolar disorder

A

Joshi et al. (2013), noted paliperidone was effective in treating acute bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, however significant weight gain was a major side effect.

40
Q

Biochemical treatments

Drugs to treat bipolar disorder

A
  • Lithium
  • Paliperidone
  • Olanzapine
41
Q

Biological treatments

Tricyclics and their side effects

A

Class of medications used as antidepressants.

  • Dry mouth
  • Blurry vision
  • Constipation
42
Q

Biological treatments

Monoamine Oxide Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

First class of anti depressants, inhibit enzyme called monoamin oxidase and increases levels of serotonin, epinephrine and dopamine.

43
Q

Biological treatments

Selectices Serotonin Reuptake (SSRIs)

A

Class of drugs typically used as antidepressants in treatment of MDD and anxiety disorders.

44
Q

Biological treatments

Biological treatments for mood (affective) disorders

A
  • SSRIs
  • ECT
  • MAOIs
  • Tricyclics
45
Q

Biological treatments

Evidence of ECT

A

Nordenskold et al. (2013) tested the effectivness of ECT with drug therapy alone, found that relapse rates were lower in ECT group.

46
Q

Biological treatments

Criticisms of drugs

A
  • Don’t cure illness
  • Side effects
  • Dependency
47
Q

Biological treatments

Criticisms of ECT

A
  • Unethical
  • Temporary effect
  • Memory loss/headaches
48
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

CBT

A

Talking therapy, idenities irriational thoughts and challenges them to replace them with rational ones.

Encourages emotional/behavioural changes which can be practiced.

49
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Reality testing (cognitive restructuring)

A

Explains cognitive theory of depression to the patient and teaches them to understand that their way of reasoning about themselves contributes to their depression.

Hence, they are trained to recognised and record their thoughts, exploring them in therapy.

They are taught to reattribute the problems and reframe their thinking about each situation.

50
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Evidence for cognitive restructuring

A

Wiles et al. (2013) showed cognitive restructuring can reduce depressive symptoms in those who did not respond to drugs.

469 depression patients were randomly allocated to either usua drug care or CBT, those with therapy were 3x more likely to respond to treatment and have a reduction in symptoms.

51
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

REBT

A

Therapy following the ABCDE model, this is the ‘DE’ part.

52
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Strengths of REBT

A
  • Practical application of CBT.
  • Effective.
53
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Criticisms of REBT

A
  • Cannot explain all depression types which may upset some patients who treatment is ineffective for.
54
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Evidence of REBT

A

Lyon and Woods (1991) conducted a meta-analysis of 70 REBT outcome studies, found that those receiving REBT had significant improvement over baseline measures/control groups.

55
Q

Cognitive/behavioural treatments

Cognitive/behavioural treatment options

A

CBT:
* Cognitive restructuring
* REBT

CLINICAL (5 decks)

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