Mood/Affective Disorders

Question 1

Manic Episode

Answer 1

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, irritable mood, grandiosity ,increased goal directed activity, decreased need for sleep ,lasting at least one week.

Lasts at least 7 days,causes impaired social functioning,has psychotic features and hospitalization is necessary.

Question 2

Major Depressive Episode

Answer 2

For a period of 2 weeks , 5 of following symptoms may be present:
Depressed mood, anhedonia,change in appetite,feeling of worthlessness or excessive guilt,insomnia or hypersomnia, decreased conc.,fatigue, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Not due to some disease or medications.

Question 3

Hypomanic episode

Answer 3

Same as manic episode but
Lasts at least for 4 consecutive days,no marked impairment in social function, does not require hospitalization and no psychotic features.

Question 4

MOOD
Mood is the description of one’s emotional state.
Mood episodes and mood disorders

Answer 4

Mood episodes
Distinct period of time in which abnormal mood is present. Include depression ,mania and hypomania.

Mood Disorders
Include major depressive disorder, bipolar 1 disorder,bipolar 2 disorder, persistent depressive disorder and cyclothymic disorders.

Question 5

Major depressive disorder

Answer 5

Episodes of depressed mood ass. with loss of interest in daily activities.sadness, fatigue,poor conc,feeling of guilt like in major depressive episode.
Etiology
Neurotransmitter abnormalities
High cortisol thyroid disorders
Genetics
Childhood experiences
Treatment
Hospitalization if patient is at risk
SSRIs,SNRIs,TCAs,MAOI.
psychotherapy…CBT,ECT(If patient is unresponsive to pharmacotherapy or in pregnancy. Performed with premeditation with atropine,then gen anesthesia,muscle relaxant and seizure is induced in brain by passing electricity no longer than 90 seconds)

Question 6

Bereavement

Answer 6

Is a reaction to major loss ,usually of a loved one and is not a mental illness.

Question 7

Bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2 disorder

Answer 7

Bipolar 1
Depression lasting for at least 2 weeks.at least one episode of mania,may present hypomania hallucinations and delusions.
May require hospitalization. Interfere with daily functions.
Bipolar 2
Depression lasting longer. No episodes of mania. Symptoms of hypomania present. Hallucinations and delusions absent. Does not require hospitalization. Less likely to interfere with daily activities.

Bipolar has greatest genetic link of all major psychiatric disorders

Treatment
Pharmacotherapy: lithium, anticonvulsant, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants.
Psychotherapy
ECT in TTT of manic episodes and depression.

Question 8

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Answer 8

2 Ds
2 years of depression and 2 listed criteria of depression. Never asymptomatic for greater than 2 months.
TTT
Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, cognitive therapy, antidepressants.

Question 9

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 9

Alternative periods of hypomania and mild to moderate depression for at least 2 years. Never asymptomatic for greater than 2 months.
Antimanic agents(mood stabilizers or second generation antipsychotics).