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Chemistry 2nd Year > Monosaccharides PP - DONE > Flashcards

Monosaccharides PP - DONE Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the carbohydrate consist of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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2
Q

What is more accuratly to view them asm structurally?

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones

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3
Q

What is the atom ratio for hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

2:1

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4
Q

Carbohydrates are divided into 4 chemical groups:

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Oligosaccharides
  4. Polysaccharides
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5
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides:

A
  • lower molecular weight

- referred to as sugars

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6
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Serve for the storage of energy (starch and glycogen) and as structural components (cellulose in plants)

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7
Q

Ribose

A

The monosaccharide ribose is an imprtent component of coenzymes (ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone of genetic molecule known as RNA.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates = ?

A

Saccharides

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9
Q

What is monosaccharides general formula?

A

(CH2O)n, where “n” is three or more

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10
Q

What can be hydrolyzed to simple sugar?

A
  • oligosaccharides

- polysaccharides

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11
Q

Classification of monosaccharides based on three different characteristics:

A
  • the placement of its carbonyl group
  • the number of carbon atoms it contains
  • its chiral handedness
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12
Q

If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, ……….

A

the monosaccharide is an aldose

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13
Q

If the carbonyl group is a ketone, …….

A

the monosaccharide is a ketose

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14
Q

Monosaccharides with X carbon atoms are called:

A
  • 3 carbon atoms are called trioses.
  • 4 carbon atoms are called terroses
  • 5 carbon atoms are called pentoses
  • 6 carbon atoms are called hexoses
  • and so on….
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15
Q

What is the major source of energy for metabolism (glucose) and in biosynthesis?

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A
  • glycogen

- starch

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17
Q

Trioses

A

Intermediate metabolites of biosynthesis and degradation of other sugars

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18
Q

Tetroses

A

E.g. erythrose, the intermediary in the conversion of glucose

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19
Q

Pentoses

A

Such as ribose (component of RNA), deoxyboza (component of DNA), xylose, xylulose

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20
Q

Hexoses

A

Such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose (energy sources)

21
Q

Heptoses

A

Only sedoheptulosa occurs in living organisms

22
Q

Examples of pentoses:

A
  • D-ribose
  • D-ribulose
  • D-deoxyribose
  • D-xyloze
  • D-xylulose
23
Q

Examples of hexoses:

A
  • D-glucosa
  • D-mannose
  • D-galaktose
  • D-fucose
  • D-fructose
24
Q

Examples of trioses:

A
  • D-glyceraldehyde

- D-dihydroxyacetone

25
Q

Examples of tetroses:

A
  • D- erythrose

- D-erythrulose

26
Q

Epimerism

A

Epimerism is when two monosaccharides differ in the position of substituents (-H and -OH) at the same carbon atom, WITH THE EXEPTION OF THE CARBONYL GROUP

27
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cm(H2O)n

28
Q

Entantiomers

A

It is the presence of sugar in the two lirror forms. Entantiomers differ in the position of substituents at the chiral carbon atom. In the body the D-sugars are dominated forms, L-entantiomers occur sporadically.

29
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

Most of the sugars are present in ring forms. The transition of sugars from a chain on a ring results in the formation of additional chiral C-atom, called anomeric carbon.

30
Q

How can the anomers be distinguished?

A

They can be distinguished by enzymes

31
Q

What is the difference between “alfa” and “beta” anomers?

A

The optical rotation

32
Q

Which is the stable and which is the unstable form of glucose;
A. The chair form
B. The boat form

A

The chair form is the stable one, ehile the boat form is the unstable one.

33
Q

What is the most simplest polysaccharide?

A

Disaccharide

34
Q

Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = ?

A

Disaccharide

35
Q

What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides known as?

A

Glycosidic linkage

36
Q

What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage?

A

It is formed by a dehydration reaction

37
Q

Whatis the fromula for unmodified disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

38
Q

Give examples of disaccharides:

A
  • Sacharose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Isomaltose
39
Q

Classification of polysaccharides:

A
  • Hemopolysaccharides (homoliganes)

- Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglikanes)

40
Q

Hemopolysaccharides (homoliganes)

A

Are composed of identical units of sugar (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

41
Q

Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglikanes)

A

Are made up of various units and non-sugar components

42
Q

What is the most important energy sources im humans?

A

Starch and glycogen

43
Q

What two substances is starch composed of?

A
  • Amylose

- Amylopectin

44
Q

Which polysaccharide is important for intestinal function?

A

Cellulose

45
Q

Which enzyme is in saliva?

A

Amylase

46
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It breaks down starchy carbohydrates

47
Q

What type of saccharide is isomaltose?

A

Disaccharide

48
Q

What happens with isomaltose and maltose when it gets inside the body?

A

The maltose and isomaltose are then absorbed into the lining cells of the intestine and are further simplified, being converted into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body.

Chemistry 2nd Year (14 decks)

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