Lipids - PP Flashcards
Lipids physical properties:
- soluble in nonpolar solvents
- insoluble in water
How are certain polyunsaturated fatty acids provided?
However, certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in metabolism, must be provided in the diets.
Examples of sphingolipids:
- Sphingomyelin
- Cerebroside
Where de we get saturated triacylglycerols from?
The saturated triacylglycerols of the body can be synthesized from all three major foodstuffs: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats or oils.
Lipids e.g:
- Carboxylic acid (or “fatty acids”)
- Glyceryl Trialknoates (neutral fats)
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
- Waxes
- Terpenes
- Steroids
- Prostaglandines
Propane-1,2,3-triol = ?
Glycerol
How many alcohols does the glycerol have?
3
Triester = ?
Triglycerides
How is triester formed?
Glycerol and palmitic acid
Carboxylic acid
- usually have unbranched hydrocarbon chains
- 16 or 18 carbon atoms
- called fatty acid
Traditional name: Palmitic acid
Origin of name: Palm oil
Traditional name: Stearic acid
Origin of name: Suet (stear)
Traditional name: oleic acid
Origin of name: olive oil
- have two dobble bonds
Traditional name: Linoleic acid
Origin of name: oil of flax
- have two dobble bonds
Glyceryl trialkanoates = ?
- triacylglyceols
- triglycerides
- glycerides
How are fat and fatty oil in room temperature?
- fat are solid
- oils are liquid
Are most of the naturally occuring fats and oils homogenous triglycerides?
Nope
Vegetable oils are ________
Liquid
Animal fats are ________
Solids
How is the meltingpoint for unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids?
- the unsaturated fatty acid have loweer melting point than the saturated fatty acids. That is because that the unsaturated fatty acids are loosely packed compared to the saturated ones, which means that less energy is needed to melt the triglyceride.
How do we produce solid fats?
Hydrogenation
Triglycerides can undergo __________ and _______
Hydrogenation and saponification
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of oil produces a solid fat
Saponification = ?
Alkaline hydrolysis
Saponification is;
Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of triglycerols produces glycerol and mixture of salt of long chain carboxylic acid
Where can triglycerols be found?
Adipose tissue
Where are phospholipids derived from?
They are derived from a glycerol derivative known as phosphatidic acid, in which two hydroxyl groups of glycerol are joined in ester linkages to fatty acids and one terminal hydroxyl group is joined in a ester linkage to phosphoric acid
Where is sphingolipids derived from?
Sphingosine
Give examples of sphinolipids:
- sphingomyelin
- cerebroside
What does the hydrolysis of sphinomyelin yield?
- Sphingosine
- Choline
- Phosphoric acid
- 22-C lignoceric acid
The cerebroside is ______
A glycolipid
What makes up myelin?
Sphingolipids, together with protein and polysaccharides, make up myelin.
How is the melting point of the waxes compared to the triglicerydes?
The melting points of waxses are higher than those of triglicerydes.
What is resistant to saponification and why?
Waxes. Because of their extensive hydrocarbon content
What are waxes?
They are simple monoesters formed from long-chain fatty acid and long-chain alcohol.
Beeswax= ?
Carnauba wax
Cetul palmitate is from _____
Spermaceti
What is the wax screted from the preen glands kf waterflow consist of?
- esters of 1-octadecanol
- branched-chained fatty acids such as 2,4,6,8-tetramethyloctanoic acid
What secretes wax by preen glands?
Ducks and geese
How many C atoms does the Monoterpenes have?
10
How many C atoms does the Sesquiterpenes have?
15
How many C atoms does the Diterpenes have?
20
How many C atoms does the Triterpenes have?
30
Terpenoids
Oxygen-containing compounds
Terpenes
Hydrocarbons
What is terpenes build from?
Terpenes are built up from two or more fibe carbon units known as isoprene units know as isoprene units
Isopren
Is 2methyl-1,3butadiene
NB!!!
The structure of isoprene units and isoprene is NOT the same
Do the plants synthesize terpenes from isoprene?
No
Monoterpene = ?
Myrcene
Sesquiterpene = ?
“Alpha”-farnescene
How many isoprene units does the monoterpene (myrcene) have?
They have two isoprene units
How many isoprene units does the sesquiterpene (-farnesene) have?
They have three isoprene units
How are the isoprene linked?
- Head to tail
- Linked in rings
Carotenes are ___________
Tetraterpenes
Where are carotenes present?
In almost all green plants
What are the precusors of vitamin A and how are they converted to vitamin A?
All three carotenes serve as precusors for Vitamin A, for they all can be converted to vitamin by enzymes in the liver.
One molecule carotene =
Two molecules of Vitamin A(retinol)
Steroids are derivatives of:
Thenfollowingnperhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring system.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is the most occuring steroid.
Where can we find cholesterol?
We can find them in the gallstones
What steroid can be isolated from yeast?
Ergosterol (vitamin D2)
What are prostglandins?
They are C-20-carboxylic acid that contain five-membered ring, at least one double bond, and several oxygen containing groups.
What are the names if the most biologically active prosthlandins?
Prostglandin E2 and Prostglandin F1
