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Biologia Inglese > Monosaccharides Blah Blah > Flashcards

Monosaccharides Blah Blah Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are single sugar units with the general formula (Ch2O)n, n being the number of carbon atoms (which goes from 3 to 7 but is mainly 6)

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2
Q

What is glucose ?

A

Hexose sugar, main sugar used by cells for respiration. Its subunits joined together can create starch and glycogen

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3
Q

What happens when starch or glycogen are digested ?

A

Glucose is produced, it can be absorbed or transported into the bloodstream to cells, a glucose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar molecules united by a condensation reaction which also produces a water molecule. The bond between the two molecules is called glycosidic bond

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5
Q

What is the bond between two sugar units that creates a disaccharides called ?

A

Glycosidic bond

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6
Q

What is sucrose ?

A

Sucrose is formed by a unit of glucose and one of fructose, this is the form in which the sugar is transported around the plant

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7
Q

Maltose ?

A

2 glucose molecules, created when amylase breaks down starch.
Found in germinating seeds of plant such as barley

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8
Q

Lactose ?

A

Galactose and glucose, sugar found in milk

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9
Q

How can a bond between two sugar units in a disaccharide be split ?

A

By hydrolysis, a water molecule is added to the bond which splits in two

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10
Q

When does hydrolysis happen ?

A

When the carbohydrates are digested in the gut or when the carbohydrate store in the cell is broken down .

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11
Q

What is the difference between monosaccharides and di/polysaccharides when ingested ?

A

Once rated monosaccharides are eaten they are rapidly absorbed into the blood, causing a sharp rise in the blood sugar. Di/poly need to be broken down into mono before being absorbed. They do not cause rapid swings in blood sugar levels

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides are many thousands of monosaccharides united by condensation reactions

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13
Q

What type of polisaccharides are there ?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
All polymers of glucose but do not dissolve easily and do not taste sweet

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14
Q

What are lipids ?

A

Organic molecules found in every type of cell. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol

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15
Q

What are triglycerides ?

A

Made up of 3 fatty acids+1 glycerol molecule liked by condensation reactions. The bond created between each fatty acid and the glycerol is known as the ester bond

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16
Q

What is the ester bond ?

A

Bond that forms between each fatty acid and the glycerol known as ester bond. Three ester bonds form a triglyceride, each bond is a condensation reaction and releases water

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17
Q

what can sugars be?

A

either monosaccharides or disaccharides

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18
Q

what is the name of sugars when they have 6 carbon atoms in their formula? what is the formula?

A

-formula is (CH^2O)n
-hexose sugars

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19
Q

give 3 examples of hexose sugars

A

-glucose
-galactose
-fructose

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20
Q

what is the structure of hexose sugars?

A

a ring with 5 carbons+an oxygen and the 6th carbon that projects above or below the ring

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the monosaccharides?

A

monosaccharides are a rapid source of energy as they do not have to be broken down beforehand but can be directly used for cellular respiration

22
Q

what is the difference in drawings between glucose and galactose?

A

in galactose, the oh groups linked to the first and fourth carbon are up while in glucose are down

23
Q

how do we differentiate fructose from glucose and galactose based on appearance alone?

A

fructose’s ring is a pentagon, not a hexagon

24
Q

what is the link between glucose and blood?

A

Glucose is absorbed and transported in the bloodstream

25
Q

what kind of reaction forms a disaccharide?
what kind of bond is then formed by the sugars?

A

-condensation reaction
-glycosidic bond

26
Q

what is the bond in maltose known as?

A

a 1-4 bond

27
Q

what are 3 common disaccharides?

A

-sucrose(glucose+fructose)
-maltose(glucose+glucose)
-lactose(glucose+galactose)

28
Q

what is the solubility of starch and glycogen in water? what does this mean?

A

They have low solubility, which means that they do not effect the concentration of water in the cytoplasm and so do not effect movement of water into or out of the cell by osmosis

29
Q

what is starch made of (which polymers)?

A

amylose
amylopectin

30
Q

amylose

A

-straight chain but position of bonds causes it to coil into spiral
-200-5000 glucose molecules
-1-4 glycosidic bonds
-20-30%

31
Q

amylopectin

A

also a polymer of glucose but side branches held to the main chain by 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
70-80%

32
Q

what is it that makes starch an excellent storage molecule?

A

compact spiral structure
unsoluble nature (which causes effects down below)
very little osmotic effect
does not diffuse across membranes

33
Q

what is the purpose of glycogen?

A

energy storage (same as starch) but this time for -bacteria
-fungi
-animals
(in humans stores in liver and muscles)
many side branches —) rapidly hydrolised to access energy

34
Q

cellulose

A

known as dietary fibre or non starch-polysaccharide
up to 10 thousand molecules in straight chain (glucose molecule slightly different from starch)
indigestible in the human gut
important function in movement of material in digestive tract

35
Q

saturated fats

A

contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, the chain is long and straight
does not have carbon-to-carbon double bonds
can pack together closely and are solid at room temperature

36
Q

unsaturated fats, what are they divided into? charateristics?

A

monounsaturated fats, one single carbon-to-carbon bond in each fatty acid chain

and polyunsaturated fats, larger number of double bonds

37
Q

why are the unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

the kinks caused by the double carbon-to-carbon bonds prevent the chains from stacking close together. Increasing the distance weakens the intermolecular forces between tryg. resulting in oils liquid at room temperature

38
Q

what are some uses for lipids in the body?

A

they are present to allow lipid-soluble vitamins to be absorbed (A, D, E, K)

39
Q

what are DRVs?

A

estimates of requirements, which include
-an estimated average requirement
-a lower reference nutrient intake
-a higher reference nutrient intake

40
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate? (BMR)

A

The basal metabolic rate is the energy needed for essential body processes
-it varies between individuals, higher in males, heavier people, younger people, more active people

41
Q

how many kJ do adult females usually require? males?

A

adult females 8400 kJ a day
adult males 10500 kJ a day

42
Q

what happens if you eat less calories than those require a day? if more ?

A

You have a negative energy balance and energy stores in the body will be used for that demand. You lose weight as a result if this becomes a prolonged thing.
If more you have a positive energy balance, this extra energy will be stored

43
Q

what is the BMI? formula?
when might it not be accurate?

A

body mass index, body weight relative to a person’s height.
body weight in kg
——-
height of person in m^2
not accurate for:
athletes, children, people over 60, those with long term health conditions

44
Q

BMI stats

A

less 18,5 underweight
18,5.24,9 normal
25-29.9 overweight
30-40 obese
more 40 severely obese

45
Q

waist to hip ratio

A

obtained by dividing waist circumference (unclothed, narrowest point between ribs by hip circumference (in light clothing)
men not above 0.90
women no more 0.85

46
Q

are lipids soluble in water?

A

no

47
Q

how are lipids (esp cholesterol) transported in the bloodstream?

A

since lipids are not soluble in water they have to be combined with proteins to form soluble lipoproteins

48
Q

how many major lipoproteins are there?

A

2, low-density lipoproteins (LDLPs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLPs)

49
Q

low density lipoproteins (LDLPs)

A

triglycerides from the fats in our diet mix with proteins. Thyey travel in the blood until they bind to receptor sites on cell membranes and then get absorbed by them . If they are there in excess they overload them resulting in high cholesterol levels, can also cause atheroma in arteries

50
Q

high density lipoproteins (HDLPs)

A

higher protein and less cholesterol, they move from the body tissues to liver and are broken down there . Lowers cholesterol levels and helps remove plaques

51
Q

how does smoking effect the circulatory system?

A

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin instead of oxygen, reducing the supply of oxygen to the cells, increase heart rate as a result. Nicotine also stimulates the production of adrenaline, increasing heart rate, causes arteries and veins to constrict chemicals produce damage to lining of arteries
reduction in HDL cholesterol level

Biologia Inglese (6 decks)

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