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Biologia Inglese > heart/heart problems > Flashcards

heart/heart problems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of the arteries =

A

-narrow lumen
-thicker walls
-more collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
-no valves

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of the veins?

A

-wide lumen
-thinner walls
-less collagen, less smooth muscle, fewer elastic fibers
-valves

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3
Q

what does a circulatory system need?

A

a pump, blood vessels and transport medium

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4
Q

what is the function of valves?

A

prevent backflow

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5
Q

what are the three stages of the heart cycle?

A

atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole

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6
Q

what happens in the atrial systole?

A

The blood flows into the atria with low pressure from the pulmonary veins and the vena cava. The pressure increases and pushes against the atrioventricular valves.
The atria contract (atrial systole) forcing the blood to flow into the ventricles through the tricuspid (dx) or bicuspid (sx)

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7
Q

what happens in the ventricular systole?

A

the ventricles contract from the base of the heart upwards, pushing the blood through the semilunar valves in the pulmonary arteries and aorta. The pressure afterwards closes the valves preventing blood flow backwards

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8
Q

what happens in the diastole?

A

The atria and ventricles relax. The low pressure in the atria helps draw blood into the heart from the veins

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9
Q

What happens in atherosclerosis?

A
  • the endothelium breaks triggering an inflammatory response
  • white blood cells arrive and move into the artery wall where they deposit fats like cholesterol
  • a fatty deposit builds up called atheroma
  • calcium salts and fibrous tissue also build up on the site creating a hard plaque on the wall
    as a result, the wall loses elasticity and the plaque makes the lumen narrower
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10
Q

what does atherosclerosis lead to?

A

heart disease like heart attack (Myocardial infarction) and strokes

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11
Q

what does the endothelium do?

A

thin layer of cells, separates the blood that flows in the artery from the muscle wall

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12
Q

what can cause the endothelium to break?

A

High blood pressure or toxins from cigarette smoke in the bloodstream

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13
Q

process of blood clotting

A

-platelets come into contact with damaged cells and change shape from flattened to spheres with long thin projections
-they are now able to stick to each other and the cell wall creating a platelet plug, in addition to releasing substances
-contact of blood with collagen triggers a cascade of changes
-thromboplastin is released from platelets and tissue
- this + calcium ions + vitamin K change prothrombin to thrombin
- soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
-clot

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14
Q

what is chest pain called ?

A

Angina, generally experienced when the heart is working harder and needs to respire more. It’s forced to respire anaerobically and this triggers pain

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15
Q

What does it mean for a heart muscle to be ischaemic ?

A

It doesn’t receive any blood

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16
Q

What causes a stroke ?

A

A blood clot that stops the blood supply to the brain

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17
Q

How do we define risk ?

A

The probability of an occurrence of some unwanted event to happen

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18
Q

What is a cohort study ?

A

Case control studies follow a large group of people overtime without a disease to see who develops it. Their exposure to risk factors is also documented. PROSPECTIVE

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19
Q

What is a case-control study

A

A group of people with a disease is compared with a group of individuals that do not have it. RETROSPECTIVE because look at histories of exposure to risk factors, compare and look for correlations

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for CVD ?

A

Obesity
high blood pressure
blood cholesterol and other dietary factors
smoking
inactivity
genetic inheritance

21
Q

what are normal numbers for blood pressure ?

A

systolic pressure (maximum blood pressure when heart contracts)
100-140 mmHg
————-
60-90 mmHg
diastolic pressure
(blood pressure when heart is relaxed)

22
Q

what do we measure in blood pressure ?

A

systolic pressure
diastolic pressure

23
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)? most common cause of death

A

diseases of the heart and circulation like coronary heart disease and stroke

24
Q

what is mass flow?

A

A liquid and all the particles it contains are transported in one direction due to difference pressure

25
Q

what is plasma made of?

A

mainly water and dissolved substances like digested food molecules, oxygen and carbon dioxide, proteins, amino acids, salts, enzymes, hormones etc

26
Q

What type of cells are present in the blood ?

A

Red and white blood cells, platelets

27
Q

Why is blood important?

A

Transports dissolved substances around the cell
vital role in regulation of body temperature
transferring energy around the body

28
Q

heart, of what type of pump is made of ? what type of muscle ?

A

double pump made of cardiac muscle right part receives the deoxygenated blood and brings it to the lungs, left takes it from the lungs an brings it to the rest of the body

29
Q

how does blood move?

A

During systole the elastic walls of the arteries stretch to accommodate blood, during diastole the muscle walls recoil behind the blood, helping it to move forward and smoothing blood flow

30
Q

why does the blood slow down in the capillaries?

A

The lumen in narrower and slows it down by friction against the capillary wall. By doing so it allows exchange between blood and surrounding cells

31
Q

Why is the net of capillaries close to every cell ?

A

To ensure that there is rapid diffusion

32
Q

Does the blood flow in pulses in the veins ?

A

No but the flow is assisted by the contraction of the skeletal muscles during movements of limbs and breathing

33
Q

what supplies the heart with blood?

A

Network of capillaries, 2 coronary arteries and 2 veins

34
Q

what type of molecule is water?

A

water is a polar molecule (unevenly distributed electrical charge) with a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen. Water is a dipole

35
Q

what is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with an unevenly distributed electrical charge

36
Q

What causes the property of water?

A

It’s dipolar nature

37
Q

solvent properties

A

Water has a dipolar nature and is thus able to dissolve polar molecules and ions, hydrophilic substances.
Lipids however are hydrophobic.
Dissolved substances are easily diffused.

38
Q

what makes the vessel durable?

A

Collagen, a tough fibrous protein

39
Q

What do elastic fibres do?

A

Allow the vessels to stretch and recoil

40
Q

what are small arteries and small veins called?

A

Arterioles and venules

41
Q

what is the specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1g/m^3 of water by 1 degree (break the hydrogen bonds) water cools and warms slowly, helping avoid rapid changes and maintain a steady temperature

42
Q

When are two variables positively correlated?

A

when an increase in one is accompanied by an increase in the other

43
Q

What are the features of a good study?

A

-representative sample
-clear aim
-valid and reliable results
-sample size (large enough that the result are not by chance)
-controlling variables

44
Q

when does selection bias occur?

A

When the sample is not representative of the population

45
Q

when is a method reliable? when valid?

A

When the data it produces is repeatable and reproducible

46
Q

what is peripheral resistance?

A

The friction caused by the blood flowing against the vessel wall and impedes the flow of blood.

47
Q

what causes the fluctuation in the pressure of the arteries?

A

Contracting and relaxing of the heart

48
Q

oedema

A

fluid that builds up in tissues and causes swelling, associated with kidney disease

Biologia Inglese (6 decks)

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