Monosaccharides

Question 1

what do all carbohydrates contain

Answer 1

hydrogen, oxygen and carbon with the general formula CxH2Ox
some carbohydrates are part of other molecules such as nucleic acids and glycolipids

Question 2

how much of the mass of the human body do carbohydrates account for

Answer 2

10%

Question 3

what are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 3

• energy source (glucose)
• energy store (starch)
• structure (cellulose)
• functional groups (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA)

Question 4

how many groups of carbohydrates are there and what are they

Answer 4

3 groups -
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 5

what is the common ending of monosaccharide and disaccharide

Answer 5

-ose

Question 6

what is a monosaccharide

Answer 6

it is the simplest carbohydrate. important in living things as a source of energy. it is well suited because of its large number of C-H bonds. they are sugars which taste sweet

Question 7

what are monosaccharides soluble/insoluble in

Answer 7

soluble in water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents

Question 8

how are monosaccharides structured

Answer 8

straight chains or in ring or cyclic forms. they have a backbone of single bonded carbon atoms with one double bonded to oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group

Question 9

how many carbon atoms does hexose, pentose and triose have

Answer 9

hexose - 6
pentose - 5
triose - 3

Question 10

what kind of sugar is glucose

Answer 10

hexose sugar

Question 11

what are hexose sugars monomers of

Answer 11

more complex carbohydrates

Question 12

what do monosaccharide hexose sugars bond to form

Answer 12

disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 13

how are tetrose and triose structured

Answer 13

they exist as straight chains

Question 14

how are pentose and hexose structured

Answer 14

in ring or cyclic form

Question 15

which is the most abundant and important monosaccharide

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

what is the general formula for glucose

Answer 16

C6H12O6

Question 17

describe properties of glucose

Answer 17

a major energy source for most cells, highly soluble, main form in which carbohydrates are transported around the body of animals

Question 18

what is a structural isomer

Answer 18

molecules that have the same molecular formula but have a different structural arrangement of atoms

Question 19

what are the isomers of glucose

Answer 19

alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

Question 20

what is the difference between both isomers of glucose

Answer 20

the position of the -OH group attached to carbon 1. the alpha is below carbon 1 and the beta is above carbon 1

Question 21

why are the isomers of glucose important

Answer 21

it has a major difference but a major effect in terms of biological roles. it is important when glucose molecules polymerise into starch

Question 22

give other hexose monosaccharides

Answer 22

fructose and galactose

Question 23

what is fructose

Answer 23

soluble, main sugar in fruits and nectar. it is sweeter than glucose

Question 24

what is galactose

Answer 24

not as soluble as glucose and has an important role in glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 25

what is a pentose monosaccharide

Answer 25

a sugar with five carbon atoms. it is long enough to form a ring

Question 26

name two pentose monosaccharides

Answer 26

ribose (rna) and deoxyribose (dna)

Question 27

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 27

ribose has one atom and one -OH group attached to carbon 2 whereas deoxyribose has 2 H atoms and no -OH group on carbon 2