Monomers and Polymers Flashcards
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reaction
What elements do all molecules of life contain? (3)
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
What can the 3 elements of all molecules of life be grouped into? (4) Describe (4)
Carbohydrates
- Respiratory Substrates –> provide energy for cells
- Structure of cell walls and membranes
Lipids
- Respiratory substrates –> provide energy for cells
- Form a bilayer in membranes
- Make up some hormones
Proteins
- Main component of many cellular structures
- Form enzymes
- Chemical messengers
Nucleic Acids
- Form Polymers like DNA and RNA
- Code for the sequence of amino acids which make proteins.
What evidence is there for the theory that all plants and animals share the same common ancestor? (3)
All organisms …
- Use the same nucleic acids as genetic material
- Use the same 20 amino acids to build proteins
- Use the same lipids and carbohydrates as energy stores and to make up cell membranes and walls
What are the 3 types of ways atoms combine with each other? (3)
- Covalent bonding (sharing electrons)
- Ionic bonding (opposite charges attract / losing and gaining electrons)
- Hydrogen bonding
What is a polar molecule? (1)
How are electrostatic bonds formed between polarised molecules? (1)
Are the electrostatic bonds between the polarised molecules weak? (1)
- A molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge.
- The negative region of a polarised molecule is attracted to the positive region of another polarised molecule.
- Yes but they can be stronger collectively and can change the physical properties of molecules e.g. water.
What is metabolism? (1)
All the collective chemical processes that take place in living organisms
What are monomers? (1)
Individual units / molecules from which larger molecules are made from.
What are polymers? (3)
- Repeating units of monomers bonded together by a
- condensation reaction
- with a covalent bond
What is a condensation reaction? (3)
- It is the process in which 2 monomers bind together
- through the formation of a covalent bond
- involving the removal of a molecule of water
Give 3 examples of monomers? (3)
- Monosaccharides
- Amino acids
- Nucleotides
What is a hydrolysis reaction? (3)
- Opposite of a condensation reaction as it
- breaks the covalent bond between 2 monomers
- involving the addition of a water molecule
What are the monomers for carbohydrates called? (1) Give examples (3)
Monosaccharides
E.g.
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
What is the covalent bond type between monosaccharides called? (1)
Glycosidic bond
What are repeating units of monosaccharides called? (1)
Polysaccharides
What are some examples of the polymers made from monosaccharides? (3) State if they are found in plants or animals. (3)
- Glycogen (animals only)
- Cellulose (plants only)
- Starch (plants only)
What are the monomers for proteins called? (1)
Amino acids
What is the covalent bond type between amino acids called?
Peptide bond
What are the repeating units of amino acids called? (1)
Polypeptide
What are some of the examples of the polymers made from amino acids? (4)
- Enyzmes
- Haemoglobin
- Antibodies
- Channel Proteins
What are the monomers for nucleic acids called? (1)
Nucleotides
What is the covalent bond type between the nucleotides called? (1)
Phosphodiester bond
What are the repeating units of nucleotides called? (1)
Polynucleotide
What are some examples of polymers made from nucleotides? (2)
- DNA
- RNA
