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Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 > monogastric stomach > Flashcards

monogastric stomach Flashcards

1
Q

stomach

A

initiates digestion with low pH, enzymatic activity, and physical constrictions

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2
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

smooth muscle valve enabling chyme entry into duodenum

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3
Q

what are the three major interlinked control mechanisms of the GI tract

A
  • hormonal (endocrine)
  • paracrine
  • neural
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4
Q

CNS influence on the GI tract is ___

A

indirect via the ENS and GI endocrine systems

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5
Q

the innervation of the GI tract consits of two interacting components:

A
  • extrinsic (autonomic CNS)
  • intrinsic (enteric nervous system)
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6
Q

what type of innervation consists of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

extrinsic

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7
Q

what are the two subdivision of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

both have important sensory (afferent) component

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8
Q

what type of nervous system can act independently of extrinsic neural innervation

A

the intrinsic - enteric nervous system

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9
Q

what are the two systems of ganglia that the ENS is arranged into

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses

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10
Q

what is the major function of the GI tract

A

absorption

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11
Q

the GI control systems operate to provide an ____ for absorption

A

optimal environment

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12
Q

what are the two regulatory processes of the GI

A

motility and secretions

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13
Q

what is the neural control of the GI

A
  • extrinsic from CNS: autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
  • intrinsic: enteric nervous system
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14
Q

what is the chemical control of the GI

A
  • endocrine secretions
  • paracrine secretions
  • neurocrine secretions
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15
Q

what is the myogenic control of the GI

A

muscle contraction via interstitial cells of Cajal

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16
Q

sympathetic innervation of the ENS is ____

A

postganglionic

mesenteric ganglia

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17
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the ENS is ____

A

preganglionic

vagus nerve and pelvic nerves

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18
Q

sympathetic innervation is inhibitory or stimulatory and what does it use

A

inhibitory and using peptide neurocrines

shuts off digestion

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19
Q

parasympathetic innervation is inhibitory or stimulatory and uses what

A

stimulatory and uses cholinergic - acetylecholine neurotransmitter

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20
Q

plexuses

A

places where nerves branch and rejoin

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21
Q

ganglia

A

bunches of nerve cell bodies (soma)

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22
Q

myenteric plexus

A
  • ganglia between circular and longitudinal muscle
  • extensive interneuronal connections

muscle contractions

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23
Q

submucosal plexus

A
  • ganglia in submucosal layer
  • interneuronal connections limited within plexus

local action - local mucus secretions

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24
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • rest and digest
  • blood pressure decrease, decreased energy usage, slower heart rate
  • active digestion
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25
Q

where do the parasympathetic neurons synapse with

A

ENS neurons

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26
Q

sympathetic

A
  • fight or flight
  • blood pressure increases, heart rate increases
    digestion slows down
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27
Q

where do sympathetic neurons synapse

A
  • some directly affect target cells
  • other synapse with ENS neurons
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28
Q

is there a synapse between enteric neurons and target cells

A

no; axons end in varicosities

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29
Q

what do varicosities release

A

neurocrine affecting nearby muscle and glandular cells

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30
Q

what is afferent signaling

A

sensory signaling to CNS and ENS

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31
Q

what is efferent signaling

A

motor signaling from the CNS & ENS

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32
Q

monogastric stomach is primarily a ____ stomach

A

glandular stomach

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33
Q

what are the glandular regions

A
  • cardiac
  • fundic
  • pyloric
34
Q

where are pseudo stratified and stratified columnar epithelium in the GI

A

in ducts of secretory glands throughout

35
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium in the GI

A

lips to cardiac stomach and anal canal

36
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium in the GI

A

glandular stomach on

37
Q

what is homogenizes and processes food function of the glandular stomach

A
  • chemically via enzymes and acids secreted by the mucosa
  • mechanically via muscular churning of the stomach wall
38
Q

where does the epithelium change in the stomach

A

stratified squamous in the esophagus (nonglandular) to simple columnar (glandular)

39
Q

the stomach is lined by longitudinal folds called

A

rugae

disappear when stomach distends

40
Q

what do the mucus cells in epithelium secrete

A

protective gel layer: gastric mucosal barrier

41
Q

what are the two functions of the gastric mucosal barrier

A
  • protect stomach lining from auto-digestion
  • protect stomach from abrasion with food
42
Q

what do cardiac glands secrete

A

alkaline mucus

43
Q

what do gastric (fundic) glands secrete

A

mucus, HCL, and pepsinogen

44
Q

what do pyloric glands secrete

A

mucus/lysozyme and produce Gastrin

45
Q

where are the gastric (fundic) glands located

A

fundus/body

46
Q

what type of cells are in the neck of the gastric glands

A

mucous cells and stem cells

47
Q

what type of cells are in the body of the gastric glands

A
  • mucous cells
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
  • stem cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
48
Q

what do chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen

49
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

HCl

50
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells produce

A

gastric hormones

51
Q

what do mucous cells produce

A

mucins

52
Q

what does the mucus blanket (gastric mucosal barrier) do

A
  • traps bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
  • the alkalinity of which offsets the acids secreted by the gastric gland and keeps the pH immediately around the epithelium at 7.0
53
Q

enteroendocrine cells are ____

A

monohormonal

54
Q

enteroendocrine cells produce hormones that contents are released into the lamina propria and act …

A
  • locally
  • enter the bloodstream and affect target cells
55
Q

what are two important types of enteroendocrine cells and what do they produce

A
  • G cells - gastrin (produce HCl - pro-digestion)
  • D cells - somatostatin (suppresses gastrin)
56
Q

where is gastrin produced

stomach region

A

distal stomach

57
Q

where is cholecystokinin (CCK) produced

GI region

A

duodenum to ileum

58
Q

where is gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) produced

GI region

A

duodenum and upper jejunum

59
Q

parietal cells - cytoplasm, produce, and how are they stimulated

A
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • produce HCL
  • stimulated to produce HCL by enteroendocrine hormone gastrin
60
Q

chief cells - cytoplasm, produce

A
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • proenzyme pepsinogen
61
Q

when pepsinogen is released into the stomach it interacts with _ to form _

A

HCl; pepsin

62
Q

what nervous systems does the enterogastric reflex involve

A

CNS and ENS, endo/paracrine signals

63
Q

what type of fibers of the vagus nerve recieve stimuli in the duodenum

A

afferent

64
Q

what are the types of stimuli that the duodenum recieves

enterogastric reflex

A

pH, fat, osmolarity

65
Q

what do these stimuli block

enterogastric reflex

A

block Vagus-induced stomach emptying

66
Q

what is released from endocrine cells in the duodenum

enterogastric reflex

A

CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin into the bloodstream

67
Q

what does CCK respond to

A

fat

68
Q

what does secretin respond to

A

low pH

69
Q

what do CCK and secretin do

A

suppress gastric emptying

70
Q

how are H+ ions secreted and generated

A
  • secreted from parietal cells
  • generated from the dissociated of carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • this leaves behind one bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) per H+
71
Q

the carbonic acid utilized in H+ generation is a product of

A

carbonic anhydrase; which combines H2O and CO2

exists in high concentrations in gastric mucosa

72
Q

what happens in disease states where gastric secretions are not able to enter the intestine, or are lost via vomiting

A

blood pH can rise to dangerous levels

73
Q

during the cephalic phase of digestion (anticipation-prior to food entry) which nerve is stimulated

A

vagal cholinergic nerves
(parasympathetic, stimulatory, Ach)

74
Q

what does acidification of the gastric antrum stimulate

A

the release of somatostatin from D cells

75
Q

what does somatostatin from D cells inhibit

A

gastrin release and thus acid secretion

76
Q

what does vagal Ach inhibit

A

somatostatin release

77
Q

pepsinogen is released as a __

A

proenzyme (zymogen) from chief cells by exocytosis

78
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do to pepsinogen molecules

A

reversibly acivates them

79
Q

what is pepsinogen cleaved into

A

pepsin

80
Q

proventriculus

A
  • glandular
  • oxynticopeptic cells secrete both pepsinogen and HCL
81
Q

ventriculus (gizzard)

A
  • nonglandular
  • grinding ingesta - grit

Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 (5 decks)

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