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Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 > GI secretions and non-fermentative digestion > Flashcards

GI secretions and non-fermentative digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 major salivary glands

A
  • parotid salivary gland
  • mandibular salivary gland
  • sublingual salivary gland
  • zygomatic salivary gland
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2
Q

what is mumps

A
  • highly contagious viral infection
  • fever, swelling, swelling of salivary gland
  • not life threatening
  • zoonotic
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3
Q

salivary mucocele

A
  • collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or salivary duct and accumulated in the tissues
  • common in dogs
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4
Q

what are the types of saliva

A
  • serous (parotid)
  • mucus (buccal)
  • both (mandibular and sublingual)
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5
Q

what is the composition of saliva

A

mucins, water, electrolytes

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6
Q

what is unique about ruminant saliva

A

high amounts of HCO3 (bicarbonate)

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7
Q

hypotonic saliva

A
  • non-ruminants
  • less electrolyte compared to blood
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8
Q

isotonic saliva

A
  • ruminants
  • osomotic pressure/electrolytes is similar to blood/plasma
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9
Q

what enzyme digests starch

A

alpha-amylase

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10
Q

what enzyme digests fat

A

lingual lipase and present in all species

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11
Q

what enzyme is associated with lysozymes

A

antimicrobial enzymes

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11
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A
  • moisten and lubricate food
  • antimicrobial activity (oral hygiene)
  • evaporative cooling - cat and dog
  • buffering forestomach digestion in ruminants
  • partial digestion of starch/fat
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12
Q

what is important about salivary ducts

A
  • anatomy same to glomerulus and collecting ducts in kidney
  • ion transporters
  • respond to aldosterone (Na conc.)
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13
Q

what does electrolytes in saliva depend on

A

flow rate

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14
Q

what is the parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • primary mode
  • pavlov’s dog - conditioned reflex
  • cholinergic receptors
  • atropine suppresses salivary secretion
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15
Q

what is sympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • B-adrenergic receptors
  • salivation and drooling in carnivores preparing to attack
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16
Q

what are the two functionally separate secretions of the pancreas

A
  • exocrine - digestion
  • endocrine - insulin
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17
Q

what does the acinar secrete

A
  • lipase (active)
  • amylase (active)
  • zymogens (inactive)
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18
Q

what does the duct cells secrete

A

HCO3

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19
Q

what does enterokinase do to trypsinogen

A

cleave it into trypsin

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20
Q

what does trypsin activate

A

trypsinogen

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21
Q

where are the inactive enzymes

A

pancreas

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22
Q

where are the active enzymes and what are they and what did they get activates by

A
  • SI (duodenum)
  • chymotryspin
  • elastase
  • carboxypeptidase A
  • carboxypeptidase B
  • trypsin
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23
Q

where is enterokinase located and released

A
  • located on brush border of duodenal enterocytes
  • released from brush border by bile salts
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24
Q

what is enterokinase stimulated by

A

trypsinogen

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25
Q

what is enterokinase

A
  • 41% carb
  • protease
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26
Q

what does premature activation of the pancreatic enzymes in the pancrease cause

A

acute pancreatitis

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27
Q

what is a risk factor for acute pancreatitis

A

big fat meals

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28
Q

what are the three phases of pancreatic secretion

A
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • intestinal
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29
Q

what is the cephalic phase

A

vagal stimulation (sight and smell of food)

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30
Q

what is the gastric phase

A

vagovagal reflex (stomach distention)

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31
Q

what is the intestinal phase

A
  • intestinal distension (Ach)
  • chemical stimulation (CCK, secretin)
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32
Q

what stimulates CCK secretion

A

fat and protein

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33
Q

what stimulates secretin secretion

A

H+

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34
Q

what do acinar, centroacinar and duct cells have receptors for

A

CCK, Secretin, and Ach

35
Q

what is the function of secretin

A

increases production of HCO3

36
Q

what do sinusoids contain

A

blood cells

37
Q

what is in bile

A
  • bile salts
  • phospholipids and chlosterol
  • electrolytes (HCO3-)
38
Q

what is the pharmacologic importance of bile

A
  • bile pigments (bilirubin) - jaundice
  • metabolites of drugs and toxins
39
Q

what does jaundice indicate

A

liver diseases

40
Q

cholesterol is a ____ molecule

A

hydrophobic

41
Q

cholic acid is a ____ molecule

A

amphiphilic

42
Q

bile is stored and concentrated in ____

A

gallbladder

43
Q

what are the two functions of CCK

gallbladder

A
  • contracts the gallbladder
  • CCK relaxes sphincter of Oddi
44
Q

CCK from duodenum to blood stream in response to ____ and ____

A

fat; protein

45
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder in dogs and cats

A
  • bile is stored in gallbladder and modified
  • CCK contracts gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi
46
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder in ruminants and pigs

A
  • sphincter of Oddi poorly defined
  • continuous secretion of bile
47
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder in horses and rats

A
  • no gallbladder
  • continuous secretion
48
Q

how is bile released

A
  • initiated by the presence of food in the duodenum
  • CCK
49
Q

how is bile synthesized

A
  • recirculation of bile from intestine
  • de novo synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol
50
Q

how is bile modified

A
  • effects of secretin on HCO3-
  • water
51
Q

what are the functions of biliary secretion

A
  • provides a source of bile acids for fat digestion and absorption and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  • provides an excretory route for metabolites and drugs
  • provides additional buffer (HCO3-) to neutralize H+ in the duodenum
52
Q

enterohepatic circulation of bile salts

A
  • re-absorption of ~94% of bile salts
  • absorption occurs in distal ileum
  • re-absorption from hepatic portal blood
  • re-secretion into bile by hepatocytes
53
Q

secretion of bile salts by hepatocytes is proportional to what

A

hepatic portal vein concentration of bile salts

54
Q

what are the physical actions of digestion

A
  • mastication
  • grinding in the distal stomach
55
Q

what are the purposes of physical actions of digestion

A
  • physical reduction of food particle size
  • increased surface area of food particles
56
Q

what is chemical digestion

A
  • hydrolysis
  • splitting chemical bonds
57
Q

what are the three chemical bonds that are broken

chemical digestion

A
  • glycosidic linkages
  • peptide bonds
  • ester bonds
58
Q

what are the two phases of chemical digestion

A

luminal and membranous

59
Q

what is the luminal phase of chemical digestion

A
  • enzymes active in lumen of gut
  • large polymers (starch and protein)
60
Q

what happens in the membranous phase of chemical digestion

A
  • enzymes active at surface of gut
  • small polymers digested to monomeric molecules suitable for absorption
61
Q

where are the digestive enzymes from in the luminal phase

A

salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands

62
Q

where are the digestive enzymes from in the membranous phase

A

enterocytes (SI)

63
Q

what occurs during carb digestion

A
  • luminal digestion (starch)
  • brush border oligosaccharidases
  • only monomers are absorbed
64
Q

what kind of bonds do amylase break

A

1-4 glycosidic

65
Q

what happens in protein digestion

A
  • luminal digestion
  • brush border peptidases
  • intracellular peptidases
  • absorbed as small peptides and amino acids
66
Q

what are the two groups of enzymes of protein digestion

A

endpeptidases and exopeptidases

67
Q

how is the zymogen - chymotrypsiogen turned into chymotrupsin (active)

A

by trypsin

68
Q

process of lipid assimilation

A
  • emulsification
  • luminal lipolysis
  • micelle formation
  • absorption of fatty acids
  • formation of chylomicrons
  • chylomicrons enter lymphatics
  • lipid-soluble vitamins
69
Q

what are dietary lipids

A
  • triglyceride
  • cholesterol ester
  • phospholipids
70
Q

lipase

A
  • secreted in active form
  • inhibited by bile acids
71
Q

co-lipase

A
  • secreted as pro-colipase
  • activated by bile acids
  • binds to lipase and bile acids
72
Q

lipase/co-lipase are in a what ratio

A

1:1

73
Q

how are absorbed lipids packaged

A

into chylomicrons

74
Q

what is a micelle

A

bile-coated, emulsified fat droplet

75
Q

where do chylomicrons enter

A

extracellular space and then into the lymphatics

76
Q

what does a fatty meal occur in

chylomicrons

A

lipemia (chylomicronemia)
- lymphatics turn milky white

77
Q

describe lipid absorption

A
  • absorbed through the apical membrane by carrier proteins and simple diffusion in the jejunum
  • absorbed lipids are re-esterified and re-packaged into chylomicrons in the enterocyte
  • chylomicrons enter lymphatics
  • bile acids are re-absorbed in the ileum by a sodium co-transport system
78
Q

what are the 3 benefits of digestion

A
  • nutritional
  • toxicologic - breakdown of toxic proteins
  • allergic - breakdown of allergenic proteins
79
Q

how are proteins absorbed in the neonate

A
  • proteins are not digested but absorbed intact
  • in most livestock, no antibodies are passed from dam to fetus
  • antibodies are acquired through colostum
80
Q

what are there delays in, in protein absorption in the neonate

A
  • delay in acid secretion from stomach
  • delay in pancreatic function
81
Q

what is present at birth

protein absorption

A

specialized intestinal epithelium
* special enterocytes engulf soluble proteins
* lost after 24 hrs

82
Q

what receptor is on the enterocyte in neonates to take in Ig

A

Fc receptor and Ig is absorbed by pinocytosis

83
Q

what is the major dietary carb for neonate

A

lactose from milk

84
Q

what does lactase switch to with maturity

A

maltase

85
Q

what is malassimilation and what is it caused by

A
  • weight loss and diarrhea
  • maldigestion and malabsorption

Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 2 (5 decks)

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