monoclonal antibodies + HIV Flashcards
what coverage do you need to get herd immunity
90%
what can monoclonal antibodies be used for:
- pregnancy tests
- Diagnosing HIV
- Detecting pathogens
- Blood typing
- Detecting cancer cells
How are monoclonal antibodies produced
- An antigen is injected into a mouse to stimulate an immune response
- The mouses spleen is then removed to extract B-cells that produce antibodies
- The b-cells are then fused with a myeloma (tumour) cell to create a hybridoma cell
- hybridoma cells are screened once they replicate
What is the ELISA test and how does it work detecting HIV
ELISA - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- HIV antigen is in put in a well and all unbound test sample in removed
- Add an antibody complementary to the the antigen so it will bind then remove all unbound test sample
- An enzyme attached to a monoclonal antibody is added that binds to the constant region of the 1st antibody.
- add a stubastrate the enzyme then binds to the complementary antigen and reacts with the substrate to cause a colour change
how do pregnancy test show positive?
- monoclonal antibodies with florescent marker at sample site bind to sample fluid and moves to the ‘test site’
- At the ‘test site’ the sample binds to second monoclonal antibody and a line appears
- fluid then moves to the ‘control site’ unbound monoclonal antibodies bind to antigens at the ‘control site’ and a line appears
step 4 will still happen if the test is negative if not the test failed
How is HIV transmitted and how to prevent transmission
- Sex = using barrier protection e.g. condoms, or be prevented form having Sex
- intravenous drug use = using clean needles, trading dirty needles in for clean ones
-childbirth/breastfeeding = Have a C-section and not be aloud to breast feed - Blood transfusion = screen blood before use
What is the structure of a HIV particle
Non living and no organelles just like a virus because it is a virus
. core - Contains RNA and reverse transcriptase
. Capsid - outer protein coat
. Envelope - extra outer layer made up of membrane from the host cell
. Attachment proteins - enables the virus to attach to T-helper cells
How does HIV replicate
- The attachment proteins attaches to a receptor molecule on the cell membrane of the host t-helper cells
- The capsid is then released into the cell and uncoats to release the RNA
- Reverse transcriptase is used to make a complementary strand of DNA from the viral RNA template
- Double stranded DNA is then transcribed into HIV mRNA and the host cells enzymes make viral proteins from the HIV mRNA
- virus is then assembled which then bud from the cell to infect other cells
When does HIV become AIDS and what causes aids
Aid occurs when the replicating viruses in the T-helper cells interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system
- Transmission across a mucus membrane
- Virion attaches to dendritic cells (APC) or Langerhans
- Infection of T-helper cells
- Destruction of the T-helper cells and impairment of the immune response
how is HIV a retrovirus
- RNA genome
- Upon entry, reverse transcriptase produces DNA from the RNA genome
What is the treatment for HIV
There’s no cure but there is treatment
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
- combination of drugs prevents the virus replicating. This supresses the virus to undetectable levels
- Many side effects
What is transcription and translation
Transcription - DNA - RNA
Translation - RNA - protein
How does HIV integrate its genetic material into host cells DNA
HIV uses its enzyme integrase to insert its viral DNA from reverse transcriptase into the host cells DNA
What is a monoclonal antibody
Antibodies with the same tertiary structure
Antibodies produced from identical B-cells
