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Immunology > Monoclonal Antibodies > Flashcards

Monoclonal Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Man made proteins that act like human antibodies in the immune system
  • Monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope + are produced from a single B lymphocyte clone
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2
Q

What are the regions of an antibody + their function

A
  • FAB: antibody binding fragment containing hyper variable regions for recognition of antigens
  • FC: responsible for binding to immune effector cells to elicit immune response
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3
Q

What does it mean if an antibody is monovalent?

A

Only recognise a single epitope

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4
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Site within antigen that antibody recognises and binds to

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5
Q

Function of the FAB region of antibody

A

Recognition of antigens

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6
Q

Function of FC region on antibody

A

Bind to immune effector cells to elicit immune response

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7
Q

Outline hydridoma generation

A
  • immunising certain species against a specific epitope on antigen
  • B lymphocytes harvested from spleen of mouse
  • B lymphocyte fused with immortal myeloma cell line
  • resulting hybridoma cells cultured so only hybridoma cells survive
  • monoclonal antibody made
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8
Q

Types of monoclonal antibodies

A

Naked monoclonal antibodies
Conjugated monoclonal antibodies
Bispecific antibodies

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9
Q

Suffix for fully human monoclonal antibodies

A

-umab

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10
Q

Suffix of naked monoclonal antibodies from least to most human

A

-omab
-ximab
-zumab
-umab

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11
Q

What are bispecific antibodies?

A

Bind to two or more different epitopes

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12
Q

What are bispecific antibodies mostly used for?

A

To target tumour antigens + killer T cell

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13
Q

List some ways monoclonal antibodies can work

A
  • binding with cell surface receptors > activate or inhibit signalling:
  • cell death induction
  • activated dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity activation
  • complement dependent cytotoxicity activation
  • internalisation
  • blocking inhibitory effects on T cells > activates T cells
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14
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Lymphoma
Solid cancers
Autoimmune disease
Cardiology
Endocrine

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15
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer of mature lymphocytes - B + T cells

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16
Q

Types of lymphoma

A

B or T cell neoplasms

17
Q

Most common type of lymphoma

A

B cell lymphoma with diffuse large B cells lymphoma

18
Q

Diagnosis of lymphoma

A
  • Biopsy
  • histochemistry: CD20 immunohistochemistry to diagnose B cell lymphoma
19
Q

Presentation of lymphoma

A
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • night sweats
  • weight loss
  • fevers
20
Q

Treatment of lymphoma

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Monoclonal antibody therapy rituximab
Emerging targeting therapy
Stem cel transplantation

21
Q

What do B cells express in immunohistochemistry in lymphoma?

A

CD20

22
Q

What are patients given to prevent hypersensitivity reaction from monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pre medication: paracetamol, antihistamines, steroids

23
Q

Management of infusion related reactions in monoclonal antibody treatment

A
  • educate patient: ensure they know that they can still experience side effects despite pre medication
  • pre medication: paracetamol, antihistamines, steroids
  • start with slow infusion rate + increase slowly
24
Q

What does the constant region of an antibody determine?

A

What class of antibody it is
e.g. IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG

25
Q

What does the variable region of an antibody determine?

A

Antigen specificity
.
Composed on many different types of amino acid sequences giving it a unique + specific binding site for specific antigens

26
Q

Side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • some have none or mild symptoms
  • many have mild reaction to 1st infusion and then tolerate rest quite well
  • few have severe infusion as immune system reactions to foreign protein
27
Q

What monoclonal antibody is used in lymphoma treatment?

A

Rituximab

28
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma vs non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Hodgkin’s is treatable + curable
  • non-Hodgkin’s is treatable but incurable + fatal
29
Q

What is characteristic of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Reed sternburg cells

Immunology (9 decks)

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