Monitoring and targeting of nanomaterials Flashcards
Pseudostratified
Looks like it has multiple layers, but it is all connected to dermis ( mouth, airways)
Stratified squamous
Multiple layers (skin)
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cuboidal cells ( glands)
Simple squamous
One layer of squamous cells ( Capillary’s and alveoli (long blaasjes))
Stratified columnar
Layers in column form (Airway and rectum)
Simple columnar
One layer in column form (intestines)
Stratified squamous epithelium (C-G-S-B)
Corneum-Granulosum-spinosum-basale
Ribosome
Production of proteins ( are everywhere in the cell but most abundant in the RER)
Nucleus
- Contains DNA
- Inner and outer membrane which contains nuclear pores
- DNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Account for more than half of the total membrane
Smooth ER
- No ribosomes
- Synthesizes lipids
- Metabolized carbohydrates
- Detoxifies poison
- Stores calcium
Rough ER
- Has bound ribosome
- Distributes transport vesicles
- Secrete glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbohydrates)
- Is a membrane factory of the cell
Golgi apparatus
- consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
- Modifies products of the ER
- Manufactures certain macromolecules
- Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Trans face: shipping side
Cis face: receiving side
Lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules (vuilniswagen)
Mitochondria
- sites of cellular respiration
- Generates ATP (energy)
- Contain their own DNA
- Not a part of the endomembrane system
Peroxisomes
- Oxidative organelles
- Recycling center
- Produce hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton
is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
- Microtubules = thickest
- Microfilaments =thinnest
- Intermediate filaments =middle range
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center
Microtubules
Cilia and flagella
Actin filaments
- Muscle of the cells
- Role is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Fuction: Support, adhesion, movement and regulation
Tight junctions
preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Desmosomes
fasten cells together into strong sheets
Gap junctions
communication between adjacent cells
Peripheral proteins
Bound to the surface of the membrane
Integral proteins (transmembrane)
Penetrate the hydrophobic core
Six major fuctions of membrane proteins
- Enzymatic activity
- Transport
- Signal transduction
- Cell-Cell recognition
- Intercellular joining
- Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
Permeability of the lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly.
Transport proteins
- Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
- Aquaporins are only for the passage of water (a kind of channel protein)
- Carrier proteins bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
Osmosis water balance
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic
solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell
Hypertonic
solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Hypotonic
solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
Anatomy
is the study of the biological form of an organism
Physiology
is the study of the biological functions an organism performs
Connective tissue
- Binds and supports other tissues
- Three types of fiber: collagenous (strength), elastic (stretch) and reticular (join tissues)
6 major types of connective tissue
-Loose connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Adipose tissue (fat)
- Blood
- Bone
Muscle
consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
Skeletal muscle
responsible for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle
responsible for involuntary movement
Cardiac muscle
responsible for contraction of the heart
Nervous tissue
- Senses stimuli and transmits signals
- Contains neurons (transmit nerve impulses) and glial cells (nourish, insulate and replenish neurons)
- Endocrine system transmits chemical signals
Signal transduction pathway
is a series of steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response.
Local= Direct contact or cell-cell recognition
Long-distance= Endocrine system (Hormone)
Reception (1)
- A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
- Three main types of membrane receptors: G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and ion channel receptor.
Transduction (2)
- Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell (multistep)
- cAMP is a second messenger ( small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion)
Response
- Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
- important benefits: Amplifying the signal (and thus the response) and contributing to the specificity of the response
Scaffolding proteins
large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached
Apoptosis
Programmed or controlled cell suicide
Apoptosis can be triggered by?
- An extracellular death-signaling ligand
- DNA damage in the nucleus
- Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Somatic cells
nonreproductive cells –> two sets chromosomes ( for mitosis)
Gametes
reproductive cells –> half of the amount of chromosomes
Cell division steps
- DNA replication
- Chromosomen condensation (makes them visible)
- Chromosomes separation
- Centromere is the waist of the chromosome
Eukaryotic cell division
- Mitosis: division of the nucleus (somatic cells)
- Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm
- Meiosis: reproductive cell division (Gametes)
Phases of the cell cycle
o G1: Cell growth
o S: DNA synthesis
o G2: growth and preparation for mitosis
o M: mitosis (cell division)
Neoplasia
- Abnormal growth of deranged cells
- Varying degrees of independence
- No useful purpose
- Proliferation is disturbed
- Differentiation is disturbed
- Tissue organization is disturbed
- Growth may persist even when the initiating cause is removed
