Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Monera - Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Monera - Chapter 20 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Micro-organism definition

A

Small living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Distribution

A

Terrestrial: soil, dust, air sewage
Aquatic: Salt water, fresh water, swamps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 types and examples of bacteria

A
  1. Round- Found in pairs, chains and clusters eg. pneumonia
  2. Rod- May contain spores eg. tuberculosis
  3. Spiral- Called vibrio when shaped like a comma eg. cholera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

They reproduce asexually through binary fission. When a cell reaches a certain size the chromosome copies itself. The cell elongates with a strand of DNA attached to each end. The cell is divided down the middle and forms 2 equal sized cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are mutations in bacteria beneficial

A

The offspring is genetically identical.
The short life cycle means that new variation can be passed down quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes and why?

A

Prokaryotes as they don’t have membrane enclosed organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are autotrophic bacteria and 2 examples

A

Bacteria that can make its own food
1. Photosynthetic
2. Chemosynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemosynthetic meaning

A

Bacteria that can make their own food by the energy released in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Photosynthetic

A

Bacteria that can make their own food through sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are heterotrophic bacteria and 2 examples

A

Bacteria that are not able to make their own food
1. Saprophytes
2. Parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Saprophytes meaning

A

Bacteria that take in their food from dead organisms and are also called decomposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasites meaning

A

Bacteria that take in their food through a live host and usually cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are symbiotic organisms and name them

A

One species that live in a close relationship with a second species where at least one benefits
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mutualism meaning

A

Both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Commensalism meaning

A

One benefits but doesn’t harm the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parasitism meaning

A

One benefits and harms the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the factors that affect the growth of bacteria

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Temperature
  3. pH
  4. Pressure
  5. External solute concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does oxygen affect the growth of bacteria

A

Bacteria undertake aerobic respiration and also anaerobic respiration.
Facultative aerobes can only use oxygen

19
Q

What are obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes

A

Obligate aerobes- Can’t live in the presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes- Can only live with oxygen

20
Q

How does temperature affect the growth of bacteria

A

Most grow at 10-30 C. Some grow better at high temps others at lower but in general lower means slow growth rates or they stop growing

21
Q

How does pH affect the growth of bacteria

A

Most live in the range 6-8 but enzymes can denature in pH extremes

22
Q

How does pressure affect the growth of bacteria

A

Growth is inhibited by high pressure as bacterial walls are not strong enough. Some can withstand eg. found in deep sea vents

23
Q

How does external solute concentration affect the growth of bacteria

A

Bacteria found in the Dead Sea can survive high salt concentration. In general high sugar/salt will loose water through osmosis. Dehydrating stops enzymes from working. If external solute is low enough water will enter

24
Q

How do bacteria survive adverse conditions

A

When environmental conditions are unfavourable they can produce endospores.

25
Q

How are spores created

A

The DNA is replicated. The contents of the cell shrinks. The tougher outer coat is forms producing an endospore. When favorable conditions reuten spores take in water ad break outer wall. New bacterium divides by binary fission

26
Q

Advantages of bacteria in industry

A

Act as decomposers
Can produce medicine such as antibiotics and insulin
Can produce cheese, butter and yogurt

27
Q

Disadvantages of bacteria in industry

A

Can cause food spoilage
Can cause disease

28
Q

Pathogens meaning

A

Disease causing organisms

29
Q

Antibiotics meaning

A

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that stop the growth of other microorganisms without damaging human tissue

30
Q

Antibiotic resistance meaning

A

When bacteria develop defenses against the antibiotics designed to kill them. Gene carrying it passed on through the plasmids

31
Q

Misuse of antibiotics

A
  1. Overprescribing antibiotics (patients will become resistant)
  2. Not finishing the course (some bacteria may still be present even when symptoms stop)
32
Q

Sterile meaning

A

Free from all microbes.
Can be done by steaming at 120C for 20 minutes Also known as autoclaving

33
Q

Asepsis meaning

A

Excluding microbes from as much of the environment as possible (covering clothes, anti-bac spray)

34
Q

Name the 5 stages on the growth curve

A
  1. Lag
  2. Log
  3. Stationary
  4. Decline/death
  5. Survival
35
Q

What happens during the lag phase

A

Numbers remain constant. Adapting to their new environment

36
Q

What happens during the log phase

A

Numbers increase rapidly. Max rate of reproduction

37
Q

What happens during the stationary phase

A

No increase of numbers. Lack of nutrients/space/oxygen etc.

38
Q

What happens during the decline/death phase

A

Rapid fall in numbers. Death rate greater than rate of reproduction

39
Q

What happens during the surivial phase

A

Bacteria survive as spores

40
Q

Bioreactor meaning

A

Vessel where cells, organisms/enzymes are placed to manufacture specific products

41
Q

Batch culture meaning

A

Growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of times and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up

42
Q

How does batch culture work

A

Bioreactor is filled with fixed amount of nutrients and culture. Bacteria go through all phases. Liquid is removed and filtered at the end. Yogurt and antibiotics can be made.

43
Q

Continuous flow meaning

A

Food processing is the growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells

44
Q

How does continuous flow work

A

Bioreactor is filled with medium and microbes are set up. When microbes in log phase fresh sterile medium is added. Continuous flow of SRP’s are removed through the bottom

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions