Monday Quizzes Flashcards
If you choose two people at random and examine
their microbiome, they would share about
________ of their microbial species.
10%
25%
50%
99%
10%
If you choose two people at random and examine
their genome, they would share about
________ of their genes.
10%
25%
50%
99%
99%
The majority of microbial life can be grown in
the laboratory in pure cultures.
T or F
F
____________microbiome studies track people over
time and include prospective cohort studies.
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Phylogenetic
Longitudial
Gnotobiotic mice are important in mechanistic
microbiome studies because they are_________
Genetically identical, avoiding noisy variation in results
Genetically altered, producing humanized models
Raised bacteria-free, allowing the introduction of
specific microbes for experimentation
Raised with human microbiomes, allowing direct
comparison to our bodies
Raised bacteria-free, allowing the introduction of
specific microbes for experimentation
Studies that use DNA sequences to analyze
microbiomes can be affected by technical
factors including
How samples are stored
How DNA is extracted from samples
The type of machine used for DNA sequencing
The type of software used for DNA sequence analysis
All of the above
How samples are stored
How DNA is extracted from samples
The type of machine used for DNA sequencing
The type of software used for DNA sequence analysis
>All of the above
Human body odor is largely a product of
Diet
Humidity
Secretion from our skin (e.g. sweat)
Microbial metabolism of secretions from our skin
Microbial metabolism of secretions from our skin
Different areas of human skin host different
microbial communities, with even your left and
right hand hosting distinct microbiomes.
T or F
T
The “Wallace line” referenced in the text refers
to ______ differences in species composition.
Biogeographic
Temporal
Age-related
Diet-related
BioGeographic
Forensic microbiology studies post-mortem
changes in the human microbiome and can be
used to predict __________.
The gender of a dead body
The cause of death
The illness causing death
The time since death
The time since death
Beneficial functions of a healthy skin microbiome
include _________.
Aiding in fermentative metabolism
Competing with and excluding potential pathogens
Attracting disease-carrying insect vectors
Production of acid to reduce microbial diversity
Competing with and excluding potential pathogens
Human lungs are protected from pathogen
colonization by a surface coating of ______.
Beneficial microbes
Anti-microbial peptides
Secreted sebum
Staphylococcus
Anti-microbial peptides
Beneficial functions of a healthy oral microbiome
include all the following EXCEPT _______.
Aiding in fermentative metabolism
Excluding pathogens that cause tooth decay
Excluding pathogens that cause gum disease
Regulating blood pressure
All of the above are beneficial functions of a
healthy oral microbiome
Aiding in fermentative metabolism
The primary biological cause of tooth decay is
______.
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Helicobacter pylori
Streptococcus mutans
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus mutans
Humans often host potentially dangerous
pathogens (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) with no
negative health impacts.
T or F
T
Helicobacter pylori is an acidophilic bacterium
found in the human stomach that __________.
Is observed within tumors of colon cancer patients
Is observed in protective tooth biofilms
Contributes to periodontal disease
Contributes to gastric ulcers
Contributes to gastric ulcers
The two major groups (phyla) of bacteria that
dominate the gut microbiome are _____.
Firmicutes, Spirochaetes
Firmicutes, Proteobacteria
Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria
Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is NOT a major player
in the human gut, comprising less than 1 cell in
10,000 in most healthy adults
T or F
T
Microbes growing in your intestines ferment
______ from your diet to release additional
energy from the food you consume.
Proteins
Sugars
Fats
Fiber
Fiber
In health, the vaginal microbiome is a ______
diversity community dominated by species in
the genus
Low, Lactobacillus
Low, Bacteroides
High, Lactobacillus
High, Lactobacillus
Low, Lactobacillus
Vaginal Microbiome
Impact the transmission of STDs
Change in response to new sexual partners
Change in response to menstrual cycles
Differ among human populations (race, ethnicity)
All of the above
Impact the transmission of STDs
Change in reponse to new sexual partners
Change in reponse to menstrual cycles
Differ among human populations (race, ethnicity)
>All of the above
The human microbiome changes during
pregnancy, but these changes are restricted to
only one area of the body, the vagina.
T or F
F
Babies delivered by cesarean section exhibit
Similar microbiomes to the mother’s vagina
Similar microbiomes to infants delivered vaginally
A lower risk of microbiome-associated diseases
A higher risk of microbiome-associated diseases
A higher risk of microbiome-associated diseases
Swabbing newborn babies with samples from
the mother’s vagina following cesarean delivery
is a new practice designed to ____.
Mimic antibody passage that would occur
through natural (vaginal) delivery
Mimic microbial passage that would occur
through natural (vaginal) delivery
Reduce infant reliance on antibiotics
Reduce infant reliance on break milk
Mimic microbial passage that would occur
through natural (vaginal) delivery
During the first year of life, the gut microbiomes
of babies exhibit ______ stability compared to
adult gut microbiomes.
Lower
Higher
Similar
Unknown
Lower
The development of adult gut microbiomes is
influence by
Diet
Environment
Geography
All of the above
None of the above
Diet
Environment
Geography
>All of the above
Distinct gut microbiomes are associated with long-term diet. Diets rich in grain/vegetables are dominated by ___ while diets rich in meat/fat are dominated by _____.
Proteobacteria, Bacteroides
Bacteroides, Proteobacteria
Prevotella, Bacteroides
Bacteroides, Prevotella
Prevotella, Bacteroides
Geography impacts the composition of human gut
microbiomes, with people from different continents (even different countries) exhibiting divergent microbiomes
T or F
T
Environmental influences on the human gut
microbiome are most profound in _____.
Children
Teenagers
Adults
Elderly
Children
Among the elderly human populations, inpatient living is associated with ______ in gut microbiome diversity compared to healthy, outpatient living.
No noticeable change
Unknown changes
A decrease
An increase
A decrease
Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of
chronic intestinal inflammation and includes
the illness(es)
Celiac disease
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis (UC)
Crohn’s and UC
Crohn’s and UC
Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease
include ___.
Abdominal pain
Intestinal bleeding
Diarrhea
All of the above
Abdominal pain
Intestinal bleeding
Diarrhea
>All of the above
Typical gut microbiome changes associated
with IBD result from changes in ____.
The abundance of certain bacteria
The metabolism of certain bacteria
The abundance and metabolism of certain bacteria
Overall community stability (an increase)
The abundance and metabolism of certain bacteria
Conclusive evidence shows that inflammatory
bowel diseases are caused by changes in the
gut microbiome
T or F
F
How is celiac disease similar to inflammatory
bowel disease?
Both are caused exclusively by microbiome changes
Both are caused exclusively by different host genetics
Both result in over-activation of the immune system
It’s not - they are entirely unrelated
Both result in over-activation of the immune system
The author describes an illness that led to dramatic
weight loss for himself but not his wife. This
personal story is strong evidence that __________.
Infectious disease pathogens can disrupt your gut microbiome
Infectious disease treatments can disrupt your gut microbiome
Microbiome structure is more important than genetics in driving weight gain/loss
Individuals respond differently to the same disease and
treatment
Individuals respond differently to the same disease and treatment
Weight gain/loss have been associated with
______.
Diet
Genetics
Gut microbiome composition
All of the above
Diet
Genetics
Gut microbiome composition
>All of the above
Short-term changes in diet generally have a
small effect on our microbiomes. An exception
is when these dietary changes are _______.
To vegetarianism
To veganism
Extreme (e.g. only meat and cheese)
Dairy-free
Extreme (e.g. only meat and cheese)
The hygiene hypothesis states that
Increased exposure to diverse environmental bacteria leads to
more infectious diseases
Decreased exposure to diverse environmental bacteria leads to
more immune disorders
Proper cleanliness habitats reduce the transmission of
infectious microbes
Proper cleanliness habitats increase the transmission of
infectious microbes
Decreased exposure to diverse environmental bacteria leads to more immune disorders
The hygiene hypothesis originated from
observations that
Children living on farms exhibit high diversity microbiomes
Children living in cities exhibit low diversity microbiomes
Older siblings had lower rates of hay fever and allergies
than younger siblings
Younger siblings had lower rates of hay fever and allergies
than older siblings
Younger siblings had lower rates of hay fever and allergies than older siblings
Microbial exposure during ______ can reduce
the incidence of allergic diseases.
Pregnancy
Infancy
Childhood
All of the above
Pregnancy
Infancy
Childhood
>All of the above
Evidence for the role(s) of microbes in allergy
incidence includes data showing that specific
bacteria can
Prevent food allergies
Cause food allergies
Reverse food allergies
All of the above
Prevent food allergies
Cause food allergies
Reverse food allergies
> All of the above
Children that have increased interactions with
domestic and livestock animals also have
decreased allergy risks later in life
T or F
T
The microbiome-gut-brain axis refers to
The one-way communication from our brain to our gut
(e.g. appetite signals)
The one-way communication from our gut to our brain
(e.g. satiation signals)
The two-way interactions between microbes in our gut
and our immune system
The two-way interactions between microbes in our gut
and our nervous system
The two-way interactions between microbes in our gut and our nervous system
Proposed mechanism(s) for a link between gut
microbes and depression in humans include
Microbial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
that induce depression symptoms
Microbial production of a “natural tranquilizer” that
mimics the neurotransmitter GABA
Microbial colonization of the brain by beneficial bacteria
All of the above
Microbial production of a “natural tranquilizer” that
mimics the neurotransmitter GABA
Germ-free (GF) mice exhibit higher anxiety
than mice with a normal gut microbiome, but
anxiety symptoms can be resolved by
Early (days after birth) normal microbiome transplants to
GF mice
Late (weeks after birth) normal microbiome transplants to GF mice
Dietary changes that support neurological development
Exercise regiments that support neurological development
Early (days after birth) normal microbiome transplants to GF mice
In mouse models of autism, specific chemicals
and microbes have been identified that induce
and reverse some disease symptoms
T or F
T
Animal and human studies have shown evidence
that specific probiotics can alter behavior and
mood.
T or F
T
_______ are non-digestible substances
(commonly soluble fibers) that selectively
feed beneficial microbes in the human gut.
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics
Psychobiotics
Prebiotics
Probiotics are currently marketed as food supplements, as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any health claim for probiotic products.
T or F
T
An important consideration for probiotic
effectiveness is.
Matching the probiotics species to your specific illness
Taking a sufficient dosage of live, healthy microbes
Whether the bacteria stay in the gut or simply pass through
All of the above
Matching the probiotics species to your specific illness
Taking a sufficient dosage of live, healthy microbes
Whether the bacteria stay in the gut or simply pass through
>All of the above
The most effective treatment for Clostridium
difficile infection is
Antibiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics
Fecal transplants
Fecal Transplants
Vaccines are humanity’s greatest triumph in
public health
T or F
T
In adult life, our signature (specific to you)
microbiomes are largely maintained despite
periodic changes in diet and environment.
T or F
T
Obesity (the adiposity phenotype) is
transmissible between hosts via gut
microbiome transplantation.
T or F
T
High-fat diets can lead to the proliferation of specific
gut microbes. Antibiotics targeting these microbes have
been used in mouse models to prevent weight gain on a
high-fat diet.
T or F
T
