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INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL EUROPE 1000-1300 > Monasticism > Flashcards

Monasticism Flashcards

1
Q

What were the ideals of monastic life?

A
  • Become pious and reclusive
  • Ideas of self-punishment
  • Meditation
  • Worldly pursuits could be enjoyed in moderation
  • Balance of prayer and labour
  • Poverty, chastity, obedience, piety, labour
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2
Q

Early monastery?

A

Abbey of St Martin at Tours, approx 372BC

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3
Q

St Benedict of Nurcia

INC QUOTE

A

Died 543
Educated in Rome
Aescetic life for three years
Founded Monte Cassino
Order had “definite, practical, common sense character”
- 84, F. A. Ogg
- H. Lawrence, Provided standard pattern of worship in west for many centuries

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4
Q

Quotes from Frederic Austin Ogg on Benedictine order

A

“definite, practical, common sense character”

“Poverty, chastity, obedience, piety, labour”

  • 84, F. A. Ogg
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5
Q

What are the qualities of a Benedictine abbot?

A
  • Christ’s representative
  • Should not stray from Biblical ideas
  • Assessed on his a) teaching b) disciples’ obedience
  • Should listen to brethren but have the final word
  • Reject worldly/temporal things, do not have possessions or receive letters/ gifts from outside monastery
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6
Q

Charta Caritatis of the Cictercian Order

A
  • Approved by Pope Calixus II in 1119
  • Contract for visitation of federation of Abbey’s of the order
  • Outlined the social structure in the abbeys and in the federation
  • Emphasis on uniformity and hierarchy
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7
Q

Organisation of the Cictercian order in the Charta Caritatis

A

Ch. 1 - Good cistericans should not exact temporal or worldly things from their brethren or abbot

Ch. 2 - Observe the rule that was designed by Bernard of Cleirvaux with “no discord…under one rule”

Ch. 3 - Establishes relationship between “mother house” and subordinate monastery

Ch. 4 - Annual visitation

Ch.6/7 - Duties of general chapter to oversee affairs and discipline recalcitrant abbeys

Ch. 9 - No one from another order may be a cistercian abbot and vice versa

Ch. 11 - An abbot can’t keep the subjects of another w/o consent of subjects’ own abbot, abbot can’t send own subjects to other community without executive permission

Corrupt abbot of Citeaux can be deposed by abbots of daughter monasteries

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8
Q

The Rule of the Franciscan Order

Lesser brothers, joining the order, sin, appointment and adminstration, views on women

A

“Lesser brothers” should

  • Observe gospel
  • Own nothing
  • Be chaste and obedient

A lesser brother can be received if
- He is unmarried, the bishop approves it, he takes a vow of chastity, possessions renounced, they last the ‘probationary period of one year

Clerks should perform rites of divine office in accordance with the Catholic church

People must travel peacefully, accept no money, combat idleness, be unashamedly impovished, treat their brothers as family. They cannot be godfathers

Sin to be delt with by penance but not in anger. Overseen by provincial minsters. Brothers must be mindful that they have surrendered their own sins to God

Without the approval of the see, no contact with nuns or lay women, nor with saracens or infidels

General Chapter appoints superior brother, and may depose him and appoint another

Pope appoints cardinal to be “governor, protecter, corrector” of brotherhood

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9
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - What are the four kinds of monks?

A
  • Cenobites (monasteries) - Considered superior
  • Anchorites and Hermits
  • Sarabaites: Don’t recognise order, higher authority, or do manual labour. Ascetic lifestyle
  • Gyrovagues: Wandering monks
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10
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - How should an Abbess be?

A
  • Should live only be Christ’s teachings and should fear judgement
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11
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - How should decisions be made?

A
  • Abbot has last word, and people may not deviate from the rule, but can call on brethren to advise him
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12
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - Obediecne

A

-“ Humility is obedience without delay” and is “virtuous”

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13
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - Structure

A

Chapters 8-20 concerned with at what time to say the Divine Office at different times and how to pray

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14
Q

The Rule of Saint Benedict - Repentant sinners

A
  • Test humility with lolwly jobs
  • For younger sinners, beatings and fasting
  • Those who show humility and repentance may return
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15
Q

Overview of The Rule of Saint Benedict

A
  • Written by St Benedict of Nursia 480-547
  • Written in 73 Chapters
  • A comprehensive guide of how to live according to St Benedict’s wishes
  • Chapter 73 affirms that this is a “minimum” standard and not equivalent to “perfect” existence
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16
Q

Overview of the Rule of the Franciscan Order

A
  • Written first by St Francis of Assisi in 1223
  • 12 Chapters on how to live in accordance with his rule and the organisation of the Order
  • Controversy over how to live in poverty:
    i) Matthew of Narni and Gregory of Naples propose stricter rules
    ii) Gregory XI produces Quo elongati bull saying rule not binding and further interpretation of poverty possible
17
Q

Organisation of Cicterician Monastery

A
  • The Cistercians in the Middle Ages, / Jane Burton and Julie Kerr: “Tight organisation”
  • Set out in Carta Caritatis
  • Mother house at Citeaux
  • Daughter monasteries at La Ferte, Pontigny, Clairvaux, Morimond (Large Ponies Clear Mounds)
  • Bouchard: Inspired by Gregory VII Heirarchical structure. Had implications for Cluny under Peter the Vunerable and Frederick Barbarossa’s Germany
  • General Chapter carried out annual visitations of each monastery

INTERNAL:

  • Abbot guides brethren as a shepherd
  • Abbot liable for their wrong
  • Self discipline
  • Lesser offences punished with fasting, flogging ect
  • More serious offences may result in removal from house to prevent spread of sin
18
Q

Organisation of Benedictine Monastery

INC QUOTE

A
  • cenobitical life
  • Living under abbot
  • Daily routine of prayer, work,
  • Domestic arrangements “no more static” than society
  • C.H. Lawrence
19
Q

Why were monasteries established?

A
  • Revelation
  • In response to the inadequacy of existing monasteries/orders
  • As instructed by a religious order ie being sent from a “mother house” to make more religious houses
  • Founded by rich benefactor for the salvation of their soul ie Cluny
20
Q

A brief history of the cictersians

A
  • 21st March 1098 - Robert of Molseme (abbey that was subordinate to the corrupt abbey at Cluny) takes 21 followers into city of Citeaux and establishes new monastery
  • 1109, Alberic allows lay people to be admitted into monastery
  • Bernard of Fontaines arrives with 30 followers in 1112
  • Before Bernard died in 1153, 300 more houses had been founded
  • Charta Cartatis written under Stephen Harding
  • 500+ houses by 1200
  • Houses at La Ferte and Pontigny
  • Progress slowed by secular control over appointment of abbots for financial gain who had no interest in upholding orthodox Benedictine rule
21
Q

What were the Mendicant Orders?

INC QUOTE

A
  • Monasteries had collective ownership, with no personal possessions for anyone
  • Christ’s church was supposed to be the church of the poor, but in the 13th C. There were parties interested in teh Church’s riches that were incompatible with this view
  • -> Mendicant orders of the Domincans and Franciscans
  • C. H. Lawrence, showed it was possible to “live in the world of men, but not be of this world*. Preaching was “raison d’etre”
22
Q

Cluny abbey

INC.

A
  • Benedictine abbey founded in 910 by William I of Aquitaine
  • Dedicated to St. Peter
  • The Abbey of Cluny differed in three ways from other Benedictine houses and confederations:

organisational structure;
prohibition on holding land by feudal service; and
having the liturgy as its main form of work.

23
Q

Foundation charter of Cluny, 910

A

I should give some little portion for the gain of my soul

making the act not a temporary but a lasting one, I should support at my own expense a congregation of monks.

I give, moreover, all these things to the aforesaid apostles - I William and my wife Ingelberga - first for the love of God; then for the soul.

since all of us Christians are held together by one bond of love and faith, let this donation be for all, - for the orthodox namely, of past, present or future times.

with the greatest zeal be performed there works of mercy towards the poor, the needy, strangers and pilgrims.

those same monks there congregated shall be subject neither to our yoke, nor to that of our relatives, nor to the sway of the royal might, nor to that of any earthly powe

24
Q

Bernard of Clairvaux

A
  • Went to Citeaux after the death of his mother in 1109
  • 25th June 1115, founds Monastery at Clairvaux
  • Soon had 130 new Monks
  • Sat on first General Chapter aged 30 in 1119, refuted allegations of Cluny’s ‘Black Monks’
  • Writes Charter of Charity
  • Sided with Innocent II against anti-pope Anaceltus II, Innocent II abolishes takes paid by Clairvaux to Cluny in 1132
  • Combatted Henrecian and Petrobrusian sects in S. France at the invitation of Alberic of Ostia

Pious to the extreme, vomited in liturgy due to diet, hair vest

“I chose Citeaux in preference to Cluny,” wrote Bernard, “because I was conscious that my weak character needed strong medicine.”

Contrast of Clairvaux to Cluny:
Quite apart from the vast height of your churches, their immoderate length, their superfluous breadth, their costly polishings, which attract the worshipper’s gaze and hinder his attention, let’s let all this pass. . . . We are supposed to be monks who have left all the precious and beautiful things of the world for Christ’s sake,

25
Q

St Francis of Assisi

A
  • 1181/2- 1226
  • Feb 1209, Inspired by Sermon on Matthew 10 on Christ’s followers teaching in poverty
  • In 1 year, had a community of ‘lesser brothers’
  • New Order informally approved in 1209 by Innocent III, Tonsuring was symbolic of this
  • 1212, wanted to reach Syria, but was forced to return to Ancona. Poor Clares Founded
  • 1214, sets out for Morrocco, but illness delays him in Spain and he returns to Italy
  • 1217, first chapter of Friar’s Minor, order “divided into provinces”
  • Official rule, the ‘rule with a bull’ established 1223 to replace earlier and simpler ‘first rule’
  • 1219, Second Chapter, crucading agenda. Travels to Diametta, Egypt, to Preach
26
Q

The Cistercians in the Middle Ages, / Jane Burton and Julie Kerr, on the spread of the order

A

Impetus for exapnsion from Molsene was religious, ie to “live by the rule of st Benedict”

27
Q

Term from expansion from mother house

A

‘apostolic gestation’

28
Q

C.B. Bouchard on electing Nobles to ecclesiastical offices

A

Disproportionately large number of nobles

Nobility contributing factor

Ivo of Chatres supported noble candidate against will of papal legate in 11th c

Indicates influence of Lords/Secular authorities on the monasteries

29
Q

Was Cluny unique in its Benedictine revival?

INC. QUOTE

A
  • NO!
  • “Spirital parentage” at Baume and St. Martin of Autum
  • Reform of Abbey of Gorze in 933
  • Individually, consecutive revivals inspired by Second Benedict, Benedict of Aniane

C. H. Lawrence

30
Q

Early origins of Western Monasticism

A

St. Anthony the Great (356) ‘founder’ after retreat into Nitrian Desert, Egypt

Emergence of themes of monasticism in his biography by Athanasius

Retreat
Following Jesus
Renouncing possessions 
"Freedom from wrath" (Acting out of love) 
--> "Eremitic" life

Led to a) aestheticism ie Stylites (St. Symeon Stylites)
b) eremitic cell inhabitants c) coenobitic monasticism

Regulation by Canons of Chalcedon:

1) Approval by Bishop required
2) Submission to Bishop

Rule of St Benedict!

31
Q

Some lesser known orders?

A

Cistercians (Cîteaux; Bernard of Clairvaux) (cent. 11ex)
• Carthusians (St Bruno of Cologne) (cent. 11ex)
• Premonstratensians (cent. 12in)
• Carmelites (cent. 12ex/13in)
• Augustinian canons (cent. 13med)
• The Mendicant Orders (cent. 13)
(Franciscans, Dominicans,…)

32
Q

Fourth Lateran Council:

Canon 3 on Heresy 1215

A

…condemning all heretics under whatever names they may be known, for while they have different faces they are nevertheless bound to each other by their tails…

As to the property of the condemned, if they are laymen, let it be confiscated; if clerics, let it be applied to the churches from which they received revenues

… unless they prove their innocence by a proper defense, let them be anathematized and avoided by all …

if a temporal ruler, after having been requested and admonished by the Church, should neglect to cleanse his territory of this heretical foulness, let him be excommunicated by the metropolitan and the other bishops of the province

33
Q

Cictercian exordia

A

Exordia Cistercii
Exordia Magnum
Exordia Parvum

34
Q

The Dominicans

A
  • Founded by St. Dominic of Guzman
  • First house in Toulouse 1214
  • Chose rule of St. Augustine in 1215
  • Approved in 1216 by the pope, and authorised to preach in 1217 (watershed)
  • Priories established in great university cities: In Paris 1217 and Bologne in 1218, in Oxford 1221
  • Role in the inquisition approved by Pope Gregory IX in 1252 with As extirpanda
35
Q

St Dominic of Guzman

A
  • 1170-1221
  • Present at the crusades, though ‘historical accounts’ of him interceding on the behalf of heretics at Beziers is likely false
  • Rejects Bishopric of Beziers in 1212 and Navarre in 1215
  • Chaplain of Fanjaeux in Toulouse, 1215
  • IV Lateran council, Rome, favours Dominic’s mission
  • First, application to preach was declined
  • ## Confirmed 2nd time December 2016

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL EUROPE 1000-1300 (7 decks)

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